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elevant issues encountered in text-linguistics or discourse analysis.
Unlike the covert text, in which a wealth of meanings and associations
can be epitomized in a single word or phrase, the overt text normally
consists of a longer sequence of sentences internally strung up to
project a full, undivided and overall meaning.
TEXT AND NON - TEXT
Now, what are the criteria by which we can tell a text from a non-
text? Before we attempt to answer this question, let us make a
distinction between text and discourse. Despite the fact that there
are different approaches to text and discourse, I feel more inclined
to regard discourse as being more inclusive, in the sense that
discourse comprehends all texts. A discourse possesses a broader
spectrum than a text. Basically texts or discourses subsume all
communicative utterances, whether written or spoken. As such, a text
)1
is not simply a larger 'rank' than a sentence. It may be 01 Longer than a
X
single word. Likewise, it may be compiled of elements without
sentence-status. What is even more important than text
characterization is text actualization. The actualization of a text
is, simply, the arrangement of textual elements to make up a text. The
process of actualization can be explored in terms of the text-
producer's capacity to organize the textual elements in such a way as
to make the text both meaningful and intelligible to text-receivers.
For, language operates thorough a set of systems and intersystems.
These intersystems, which linguists generally call virtual systems, do
not help people to communicate in socio-cultural interaction. People
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