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(1) They should promote their ability to translate and assess the quality of translation by observing formal correspondences, identifying obligatory, extended and accessory meanings and, lastly, establishing the closest equivalence between the source and target texts. (2) They should commit themselves to the obligatory meaning of the source text to avoid any unpredictable lapses into under- or over- translation. (3) Integration between the various layers of meaning should be maintained, and an equilibrium between the form and content of the text should be established. (4) The interference of subjective factors in SL text analysis and/or translation is not seriously detrimental to the source message unless it was overdone. However, such interference could be avoided if the translator adhered to the skeletal meaning of the source text. 220
BIBLIOGRAPHY ADEN, J M (ed.), (1963), The Critical Opinions of John Dryden: A Dictionary, Vanderbilt University Press, Nashville. ALLEN, J P D and CORDER, S. PIT. (1975), Papers in Applied Linguistics, Oxford University Press. ANTAL, L. (1963), Questions of Meaning, The Hague. ARMSTRONG, H C, (1938), Lord of Arabia: Ibn Saud, An Intimate Study of a King, Penguin Books Ltd. AUSTIN, J L, (1961), The Meaning of Word, in CATON, C E (ed.), Philosophy and Ordinary Language, University of Illinois Press. AWAD, Y N, 'Theory of Shifts', an article published in the Literary Supplement of Al-Nadwa, a Saudi Arabian daily newspaper. BAGHDADI, Al-Khatib Al-, (1958), Tarikh Baghdad, (History of Baghdad), Beirut. BEARDSMORE, H B, (1982), Bilingualism: Basic Principles, Multilingual Matters Ltd, Cleavon, Avon. BEAUGRANDE, R. de., (1978), Factors in a Theory of Poetic Translating, Amsterdam and Assen. - (1980) Text Discourse and Process, Longman. - (1984) Text Production: Towards a Science of Composition, Ablex Publishing Corporation, New Jersey. BEAUGRANDE, R. de. and DRESSLER, W, (1981), Introduction to Text- Linguistics, Longman. BEEKMAN, J and CALLOW, J, (1974) Translating the Word of God, Grand Rapids, Michigan. BOLLINGER, R, (ed.), (1966), Aspects of Language, Harcourt Brace, Jehanovich. BRISLIN, R, (ed.), (1976), Translation: Applications and Research, Clarendon Press. BROWER, R A, (ed.), (1966), On Translation, Harvard University Press. BUTLER, Christopher, (1984), Interpretation. Deconstruction and Ideology: An Introduction to Some Current Issues in Literary Theory, Clarendon Press, Oxford. 221
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TRANSLATION QUALITY ASSESSMENT AN A
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Lexical Correspondence. 128 Identif
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ABSTRACT Translation quality assess
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texts are identified before assessm
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INTRODUCTION This thesis focuses on
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components. However, more important
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PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS CHAPTER
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translation quality assessment? Wor
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elease Bayzantine prisoners in exch
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should have a perfect knowledge of
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translation was eventually cleared.
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(2) The style and manner of writing
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TL texts, and finally bring the rec
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(3) Stylistic equivalence, where th
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in two different languages cannot b
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Neubert goes on to discuss the ways
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Lotman (1976, pp153-96) argues that
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(a) "the concept of translation equ
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(structural) equivalences provided
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equivalence obtaining between TT an
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in various ways according to the ma
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Roman Jakobson adds another three f
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The communicative approach, of whic
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claims, "free from the formal conta
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to a certain system, to another sem
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(3) RECEPTORS The author of a text
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Messages are linguistically set to
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p192) In immediate interpersonal co
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concerning the communication situat
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level of the individual sentence? B
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In Europe, the linguistic analysis
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demarcation lines between a sentenc
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conditioned by the author's state o
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elevant issues encountered in text-
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features or goals with other texts
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the source text, a step which comes
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and confusing to obscure these diff
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Translation is a relational concept
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other replacement except what gramm
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intersemiotic - springs from and po
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the grammars of both SL and TL text
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unbridgeable. Strategies to bridge
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Moreover, the ability of both child
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he understands the cultural pattern
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to translation is unilaterally mean
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to be considered translations? Is a
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purposes. The transfer operation fo
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In political discourses, however, p
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language. Translations of medical,
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are pragmatically a single text but
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and 'relations' in terms of non-eva
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dependent layers of pragmatic, semi
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What matters more is the ways and m
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(texte) is open, mobile, vibrating
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Post-war linguists shifted their fo
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personalities. He attributed this c
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is interpretable form its language,
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potential' of the source text be pr
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Hatim's arbitrary distinction betwe
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accessory meaning structures. Oblig
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semantics and the speech act theory
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Premised on a rigorous committment
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implemented, will help him achieve
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etween the translator as TL text-or
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The rhetorical model sets out to re
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SL text will have to be dismantled
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consists of two words: 'istaktabtuh
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The question of tense, which marks
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B. SYNTACTIC CORRESPONDENCE Anyone
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specific clause type in the recepto
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lexical items in any language devel
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The translator's exhaustive and pai
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this is achieved, semantic equivale
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agreement, and the verb/adverb prox
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object. If, in English, the adverb
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extracted from the text-supplied (l
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identifiable in terms of its contri
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In a literary text, the translator
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as impressive or forceful as it is
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The rhetorical model is primarily a
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apprehension, repulsiveness, or dis
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(5) Once completed, leave the trans
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literary, literary, and hybrid or f
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I have mentioned earlier that textu
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The second stanza opens with a nega
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perceived. Only extensions of the o
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one to whom the message is addresse
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flies and horse-flies fill the air
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The same meaning is further develop
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emember a friend of my son's", the
Page 181 and 182: The same meaning is extended in the
Page 183 and 184: immediately answered. The reader is
Page 185 and 186: incident known in Islamic history a
Page 187 and 188: STATEMENT OF QUALITY As I have said
Page 189 and 190: came, by God, in droves" is rather
Page 191 and 192: that he could, with relative ease a
Page 193 and 194: emphatic, constitutes a juxtapositi
Page 195 and 196: fate, nor divert the pre-planned co
Page 197 and 198: Rendering this line into English, t
Page 199 and 200: In translating this line, the trans
Page 201 and 202: and death, decision and indecision,
Page 203 and 204: embedded, should be thinned so that
Page 205 and 206: The linguistic tools the author uti
Page 207 and 208: Some lexical mismatches are observa
Page 209 and 210: closely without realizing that the
Page 211 and 212: The two re-translations, put togeth
Page 213 and 214: TEXT IV /hybrid) This text is a , f
Page 215 and 216: describe him, I will mention all hi
Page 217 and 218: mundane household affairs. The 'lio
Page 219 and 220: The eighth wife (TT) said: "My husb
Page 221 and 222: feel proud of myself. He found me w
Page 223 and 224: to be sacrificed to the content. Th
Page 225 and 226: d) All informants identified the be
Page 227 and 228: d) All informants detected an ambig
Page 229 and 230: CONCLUSION In conclusion, we shall
Page 231: all levels. This is discussed in Ch
Page 235 and 236: FRAWLEY, W, (ed.), (1984), Translat
Page 237 and 238: KHULUSI, S, (1986), Fann Al-Targama
Page 239 and 240: SHAHEEN, Abdus-Sabour, (1986), Al-A
Page 241 and 242: '71 r CI0,‘ Co. • 1/4/. Ck. CS\
Page 243 and 244: .n•n••. < • Ci E• sc, tct
Page 245 and 246: • • 1.54:•71.7 , • . • .
Page 247 and 248: 250 THE JOURNAL OF STRATEGIC STUDIE
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Page 257 and 258: •g • cie.C.A.c) 431 JU di Li ot
Page 259 and 260: 6c. 4..:43,11 U5Z 6?- 1Li . 61), 1A
Page 261 and 262: •IA 0t5j—jj)II (put.. . 4.4,4 0
Page 263 and 264: cerc. iiiLi LI 0,..?,.;) iLi) 41441
Page 265 and 266: TT 1 - Were you to come to our vill
Page 267 and 268: The doum tree of Wad Hamid 3 to sho
Page 269 and 270: 6 The doum tree of Wad Hamid Wherev
Page 271 and 272: 8 The doum tree of Wad Hamid out at
Page 273 and 274: lo The doum tree of Wad Hamid and s
Page 275 and 276: The domn Iree qf Wad Hamid 13 sound
Page 277 and 278: doum tree of Wad liana 5 I shall no
Page 279 and 280: The down tree qf Wad Hamid i 7 what
Page 281 and 282: The doum tree of Wad Hamid me with
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271 ST11. : TaKen trom: POET:IY by
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Other tumours, however, are often d
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Immunotherapy is an experimental te
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foreign and begin to destroy it. Th
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• I; A jr6 0°-0-41 1-2-0 Le 1=9
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"i ° 71- 6715.9-1-" 1-4--1 I " &Ie
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83 the trouble of fetching it." (1)
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285 85 A with my family who were me
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