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until he wiped it clean': 'shannaff', that he 'gurgled up the water in the gurglet'; and 'iltaff', that he 'wrapped himself up in his own garments unmindful of his wife's presence. The seventh wife (TT) said: "My husband is a wrong-doer or weak and foolish. All the defects are present in him. He may injure your head or your body or may do both". In the ST, wrong-doing, weakness and foolishness are expressed by a succession of three alliterative hyperbolical adjectives. The multiplicity of alliteration, assonance, and onomatopoeia, together with the hyperbolic associations with which this succession of adjectives is invested, intensifies the emotive impact of the expression. The subsequent sentence, however, extends the previous meaning to almost an unthinkable magnitude. "All the defects are in him". In the ST this meaning is expressed in a peculiarly striking manner. A literal rendering of the Arabic sentence would be: 'Every illness, for him, is an illness'. As it stands, the sentence is ambiguous. It could be disambiguated if reference was made to it in cliche form: 'Every illness has a cure'. The Arabic original sentence would, consequently, mean: 'His defects breed more defects', with the inevitable consequence that all defects imaginable are present in him. His ruthless behaviour and aggressive attitude could be seriously injurious. The recurrence of the 'k' sound in the last two verbs, together with the double consonantal sound placed on the medial letter of each verb, emphasises the action of ruthless, hurtful, injurious and indiscriminate beating. 206
The eighth wife (TT) said: "My husband is soft to touch like a rabbit and smells like a Zarnab (a kind of good smelling grass)". The man is simply soft-skinned and good-smelling. The fact that he is soft-skinned could mean that he has no hair on his body. The 'rabbit' metaphor could imply that he is a sickly, cowardly weakling. In Arabic culture, 'rabbit' is a symbol of cowardice. The repetitiveness of 'mass' (touch) and 'r—Lh' (smell) is both functional and rhetorical . The assonance in 'arnab' (rabbit) and 'zarnab' (a good smelling grass) is highly poetic. The choice of 'zarnab', a species of sweet-smelling grass well knot in the geographical locality, to rhyme with 'arnab' is contributive to the musical effect of the statement. No translation could possibly reflect such an admirable array of associations with vigour and amplitude. The ninth wife (TT) said: "My husband is a tall generous man wearing a long strap for carrying his sword. His ashes are abundant and his house is near to the people who would easily consult him". He is tall, brave, generous and gallant. His high social standing, hospitality, indomitable courage, and gallantry stand him in good stead. An English-speaking reader would not understand what is meant by "His ashes are abundant" because the metaphor is culture-bound. It means that the more abundant ashes are in the fireplace, the more guests are received, fed, and entertained by the Arab bedouin in his own habitat. The concept is •further extended in the subsequent sentence: 'He is not inaccessible to anyone seeking help or advice'. Each meaning is exquisitely condensed in a two-word construction made 207
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TRANSLATION QUALITY ASSESSMENT AN A
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Lexical Correspondence. 128 Identif
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ABSTRACT Translation quality assess
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texts are identified before assessm
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INTRODUCTION This thesis focuses on
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components. However, more important
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PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS CHAPTER
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translation quality assessment? Wor
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elease Bayzantine prisoners in exch
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should have a perfect knowledge of
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translation was eventually cleared.
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(2) The style and manner of writing
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TL texts, and finally bring the rec
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(3) Stylistic equivalence, where th
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in two different languages cannot b
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Neubert goes on to discuss the ways
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Lotman (1976, pp153-96) argues that
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(a) "the concept of translation equ
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(structural) equivalences provided
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equivalence obtaining between TT an
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in various ways according to the ma
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Roman Jakobson adds another three f
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The communicative approach, of whic
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claims, "free from the formal conta
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to a certain system, to another sem
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(3) RECEPTORS The author of a text
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Messages are linguistically set to
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p192) In immediate interpersonal co
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concerning the communication situat
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level of the individual sentence? B
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In Europe, the linguistic analysis
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demarcation lines between a sentenc
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conditioned by the author's state o
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elevant issues encountered in text-
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features or goals with other texts
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the source text, a step which comes
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and confusing to obscure these diff
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Translation is a relational concept
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other replacement except what gramm
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intersemiotic - springs from and po
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the grammars of both SL and TL text
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unbridgeable. Strategies to bridge
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Moreover, the ability of both child
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he understands the cultural pattern
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to translation is unilaterally mean
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to be considered translations? Is a
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purposes. The transfer operation fo
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In political discourses, however, p
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language. Translations of medical,
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are pragmatically a single text but
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and 'relations' in terms of non-eva
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dependent layers of pragmatic, semi
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What matters more is the ways and m
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(texte) is open, mobile, vibrating
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Post-war linguists shifted their fo
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personalities. He attributed this c
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is interpretable form its language,
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potential' of the source text be pr
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Hatim's arbitrary distinction betwe
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accessory meaning structures. Oblig
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semantics and the speech act theory
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Premised on a rigorous committment
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implemented, will help him achieve
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etween the translator as TL text-or
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The rhetorical model sets out to re
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SL text will have to be dismantled
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consists of two words: 'istaktabtuh
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The question of tense, which marks
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B. SYNTACTIC CORRESPONDENCE Anyone
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specific clause type in the recepto
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lexical items in any language devel
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The translator's exhaustive and pai
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this is achieved, semantic equivale
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agreement, and the verb/adverb prox
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object. If, in English, the adverb
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extracted from the text-supplied (l
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identifiable in terms of its contri
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In a literary text, the translator
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as impressive or forceful as it is
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The rhetorical model is primarily a
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apprehension, repulsiveness, or dis
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(5) Once completed, leave the trans
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literary, literary, and hybrid or f
Page 167 and 168: I have mentioned earlier that textu
Page 169 and 170: The second stanza opens with a nega
Page 171 and 172: perceived. Only extensions of the o
Page 173 and 174: one to whom the message is addresse
Page 175 and 176: flies and horse-flies fill the air
Page 177 and 178: The same meaning is further develop
Page 179 and 180: emember a friend of my son's", the
Page 181 and 182: The same meaning is extended in the
Page 183 and 184: immediately answered. The reader is
Page 185 and 186: incident known in Islamic history a
Page 187 and 188: STATEMENT OF QUALITY As I have said
Page 189 and 190: came, by God, in droves" is rather
Page 191 and 192: that he could, with relative ease a
Page 193 and 194: emphatic, constitutes a juxtapositi
Page 195 and 196: fate, nor divert the pre-planned co
Page 197 and 198: Rendering this line into English, t
Page 199 and 200: In translating this line, the trans
Page 201 and 202: and death, decision and indecision,
Page 203 and 204: embedded, should be thinned so that
Page 205 and 206: The linguistic tools the author uti
Page 207 and 208: Some lexical mismatches are observa
Page 209 and 210: closely without realizing that the
Page 211 and 212: The two re-translations, put togeth
Page 213 and 214: TEXT IV /hybrid) This text is a , f
Page 215 and 216: describe him, I will mention all hi
Page 217: mundane household affairs. The 'lio
Page 221 and 222: feel proud of myself. He found me w
Page 223 and 224: to be sacrificed to the content. Th
Page 225 and 226: d) All informants identified the be
Page 227 and 228: d) All informants detected an ambig
Page 229 and 230: CONCLUSION In conclusion, we shall
Page 231 and 232: all levels. This is discussed in Ch
Page 233 and 234: BIBLIOGRAPHY ADEN, J M (ed.), (1963
Page 235 and 236: FRAWLEY, W, (ed.), (1984), Translat
Page 237 and 238: KHULUSI, S, (1986), Fann Al-Targama
Page 239 and 240: SHAHEEN, Abdus-Sabour, (1986), Al-A
Page 241 and 242: '71 r CI0,‘ Co. • 1/4/. Ck. CS\
Page 243 and 244: .n•n••. < • Ci E• sc, tct
Page 245 and 246: • • 1.54:•71.7 , • . • .
Page 247 and 248: 250 THE JOURNAL OF STRATEGIC STUDIE
Page 249 and 250: • °aro. J4 L .01..) 42,1 • 0 j
Page 251 and 252: J 51211 al.)1 J110, J,•- . t_13;1
Page 253 and 254: .a)...) I ik ja.7- ji I,i I . 0-91
Page 255 and 256: • •Ij1? ZA.p.u. igiL Lid;,A . G
Page 257 and 258: •g • cie.C.A.c) 431 JU di Li ot
Page 259 and 260: 6c. 4..:43,11 U5Z 6?- 1Li . 61), 1A
Page 261 and 262: •IA 0t5j—jj)II (put.. . 4.4,4 0
Page 263 and 264: cerc. iiiLi LI 0,..?,.;) iLi) 41441
Page 265 and 266: TT 1 - Were you to come to our vill
Page 267 and 268: The doum tree of Wad Hamid 3 to sho
Page 269 and 270:
6 The doum tree of Wad Hamid Wherev
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8 The doum tree of Wad Hamid out at
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lo The doum tree of Wad Hamid and s
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The domn Iree qf Wad Hamid 13 sound
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doum tree of Wad liana 5 I shall no
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The down tree qf Wad Hamid i 7 what
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The doum tree of Wad Hamid me with
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271 ST11. : TaKen trom: POET:IY by
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Other tumours, however, are often d
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Immunotherapy is an experimental te
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foreign and begin to destroy it. Th
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• I; A jr6 0°-0-41 1-2-0 Le 1=9
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"i ° 71- 6715.9-1-" 1-4--1 I " &Ie
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83 the trouble of fetching it." (1)
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285 85 A with my family who were me
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