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THE TEXT-TYPOLOGICAL MODEL A chronological account of the text-typological hypothesis probably dates back to the 1st century Roman rhetoric when Quintilian laid down the principles of oration. Hartmann enumerates them as follows: "They are "(1) inventio, or choice of subject matter; (2) dispositio, or ordered arrangement of the material; (3) elecutio, or style or presentation; (4) memoria, or technique of learning by heart; and (5) pronunciato or mode of delivery". (1980, p11). The types of texts are conceived as the external constraints imposed on different kinds of oratory. "They are (1) the deliberate- persuasive discourse of the politician; (2) the forensic-defensive discourse of the attorney; and (3) the epideictic-ceremonial discourse of the preacher". (ibid, pll) The political, legal and liturgical features of the above mentioned texts are conditioned and constrained by the specific textual message the text-producer is intent to communicate. In addition, they predetermine the specifications of the text fabric in which they will be clothed. Political, legal, and liturgical texts are as old as history. More text types were conceived with the fast- growing complexities of human cultures and requirements. 82
In political discourses, however, politicians resort to alliterations, parellelisms, juxtapositions and other rhetorical and stylistic devices to substantiate their argument and eventually achieve their desired political goals. What a politician primarily aims at is to persuade his audience into believing in the validity and legitimacy of the political case in question, in the confident hope that he would ultimately win the audience over to his side. Hartmann (1980, pll) argues that "Winston Churchill's call to war ('blood, toil, tears, and sweat') on 13 May 1940, can be characterized in rhetorical terms as a combination of the plain-style announcement of the formation of a new government and the moving-style exhortation of the population to join in the forthcoming battle with the German aggressor". Nevertheless, the text of Churchill's political address does attract the stylistician as a work of literary art. Rhetorical and stylistic features are employed in a political discourse in order to impress the audience or the reading public. This overlap, or rather the active interplay, of rhetorical and stylistic devices is quite discernible in both political and literary discourses, no clear-cut demarcation lines being traceable or deducible. A liturgical discourse, however, draws upon a diction of its own. A religious sermon, for instance, is encompassed in a language uniquely replete with words, phrases, and constructions which are extremely connotative and highly pregnant with religious and moral implications. The preacher or the sermon-giver indefatiguably strives 83
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TRANSLATION QUALITY ASSESSMENT AN A
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Lexical Correspondence. 128 Identif
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ABSTRACT Translation quality assess
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texts are identified before assessm
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INTRODUCTION This thesis focuses on
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components. However, more important
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PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS CHAPTER
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translation quality assessment? Wor
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elease Bayzantine prisoners in exch
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should have a perfect knowledge of
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translation was eventually cleared.
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(2) The style and manner of writing
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TL texts, and finally bring the rec
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(3) Stylistic equivalence, where th
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in two different languages cannot b
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Neubert goes on to discuss the ways
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Lotman (1976, pp153-96) argues that
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(a) "the concept of translation equ
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(structural) equivalences provided
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equivalence obtaining between TT an
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in various ways according to the ma
Page 43 and 44: Roman Jakobson adds another three f
Page 45 and 46: The communicative approach, of whic
Page 47 and 48: claims, "free from the formal conta
Page 49 and 50: to a certain system, to another sem
Page 51 and 52: (3) RECEPTORS The author of a text
Page 53 and 54: Messages are linguistically set to
Page 55 and 56: p192) In immediate interpersonal co
Page 57 and 58: concerning the communication situat
Page 59 and 60: level of the individual sentence? B
Page 61 and 62: In Europe, the linguistic analysis
Page 63 and 64: demarcation lines between a sentenc
Page 65 and 66: conditioned by the author's state o
Page 67 and 68: elevant issues encountered in text-
Page 69 and 70: features or goals with other texts
Page 71 and 72: the source text, a step which comes
Page 73 and 74: and confusing to obscure these diff
Page 75 and 76: Translation is a relational concept
Page 77 and 78: other replacement except what gramm
Page 79 and 80: intersemiotic - springs from and po
Page 81 and 82: the grammars of both SL and TL text
Page 83 and 84: unbridgeable. Strategies to bridge
Page 85 and 86: Moreover, the ability of both child
Page 87 and 88: he understands the cultural pattern
Page 89 and 90: to translation is unilaterally mean
Page 91 and 92: to be considered translations? Is a
Page 93: purposes. The transfer operation fo
Page 97 and 98: language. Translations of medical,
Page 99 and 100: are pragmatically a single text but
Page 101 and 102: and 'relations' in terms of non-eva
Page 103 and 104: dependent layers of pragmatic, semi
Page 105 and 106: What matters more is the ways and m
Page 107 and 108: (texte) is open, mobile, vibrating
Page 109 and 110: Post-war linguists shifted their fo
Page 111 and 112: personalities. He attributed this c
Page 113 and 114: is interpretable form its language,
Page 115 and 116: potential' of the source text be pr
Page 117 and 118: Hatim's arbitrary distinction betwe
Page 119 and 120: accessory meaning structures. Oblig
Page 121 and 122: semantics and the speech act theory
Page 123 and 124: Premised on a rigorous committment
Page 125 and 126: implemented, will help him achieve
Page 127 and 128: etween the translator as TL text-or
Page 129 and 130: The rhetorical model sets out to re
Page 131 and 132: SL text will have to be dismantled
Page 133 and 134: consists of two words: 'istaktabtuh
Page 135 and 136: The question of tense, which marks
Page 137 and 138: B. SYNTACTIC CORRESPONDENCE Anyone
Page 139 and 140: specific clause type in the recepto
Page 141 and 142: lexical items in any language devel
Page 143 and 144: The translator's exhaustive and pai
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this is achieved, semantic equivale
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agreement, and the verb/adverb prox
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object. If, in English, the adverb
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extracted from the text-supplied (l
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identifiable in terms of its contri
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In a literary text, the translator
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as impressive or forceful as it is
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The rhetorical model is primarily a
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apprehension, repulsiveness, or dis
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(5) Once completed, leave the trans
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literary, literary, and hybrid or f
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I have mentioned earlier that textu
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The second stanza opens with a nega
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perceived. Only extensions of the o
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one to whom the message is addresse
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flies and horse-flies fill the air
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The same meaning is further develop
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emember a friend of my son's", the
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The same meaning is extended in the
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immediately answered. The reader is
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incident known in Islamic history a
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STATEMENT OF QUALITY As I have said
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came, by God, in droves" is rather
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that he could, with relative ease a
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emphatic, constitutes a juxtapositi
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fate, nor divert the pre-planned co
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Rendering this line into English, t
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In translating this line, the trans
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and death, decision and indecision,
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embedded, should be thinned so that
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The linguistic tools the author uti
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Some lexical mismatches are observa
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closely without realizing that the
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The two re-translations, put togeth
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TEXT IV /hybrid) This text is a , f
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describe him, I will mention all hi
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mundane household affairs. The 'lio
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The eighth wife (TT) said: "My husb
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feel proud of myself. He found me w
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to be sacrificed to the content. Th
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d) All informants identified the be
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d) All informants detected an ambig
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CONCLUSION In conclusion, we shall
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all levels. This is discussed in Ch
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BIBLIOGRAPHY ADEN, J M (ed.), (1963
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FRAWLEY, W, (ed.), (1984), Translat
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KHULUSI, S, (1986), Fann Al-Targama
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SHAHEEN, Abdus-Sabour, (1986), Al-A
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'71 r CI0,‘ Co. • 1/4/. Ck. CS\
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.n•n••. < • Ci E• sc, tct
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• • 1.54:•71.7 , • . • .
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250 THE JOURNAL OF STRATEGIC STUDIE
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• °aro. J4 L .01..) 42,1 • 0 j
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J 51211 al.)1 J110, J,•- . t_13;1
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.a)...) I ik ja.7- ji I,i I . 0-91
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• •Ij1? ZA.p.u. igiL Lid;,A . G
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•g • cie.C.A.c) 431 JU di Li ot
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6c. 4..:43,11 U5Z 6?- 1Li . 61), 1A
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•IA 0t5j—jj)II (put.. . 4.4,4 0
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cerc. iiiLi LI 0,..?,.;) iLi) 41441
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TT 1 - Were you to come to our vill
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The doum tree of Wad Hamid 3 to sho
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6 The doum tree of Wad Hamid Wherev
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8 The doum tree of Wad Hamid out at
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lo The doum tree of Wad Hamid and s
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The domn Iree qf Wad Hamid 13 sound
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doum tree of Wad liana 5 I shall no
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The down tree qf Wad Hamid i 7 what
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The doum tree of Wad Hamid me with
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271 ST11. : TaKen trom: POET:IY by
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Other tumours, however, are often d
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Immunotherapy is an experimental te
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foreign and begin to destroy it. Th
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• I; A jr6 0°-0-41 1-2-0 Le 1=9
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"i ° 71- 6715.9-1-" 1-4--1 I " &Ie
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83 the trouble of fetching it." (1)
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285 85 A with my family who were me
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