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(7) INSTRUMENT CHANNEL:
Confined to oral communication, this element involves the
air through which sound waves travel and the light which
highlights the extralinguistic features of non-verbal
communication. An airless channel would not be instrumental to the
communication of a message. Likewise, insufficient light or
complete darkness would not externalize the attitude of the
addresser towards the addressees.
(8) NOISE:
In normal oral communication, physical noise, that is,
noise generated by shouting, clapping, whistling, etc, can distort
the message. In electronic communication the message can be over-
amplified to the extent of losing its identity.
The communicative component of the message can be further divided
into various sub-components, chief among them is the situational sub-
component. The situation of communication is both complex and subtle.
It consists of relevant factors which make up the situational context.
De Beaugrande lists these factors as: "(1) available semiotic codes or
rules of successful verbal behaviour in communication situations,
conversational postulates, etc; (2) economic situation; (3) social
situation (including personal history of socialisation, social role,
etc); (4) political situation; (5) cultural situation (including the
education and knowledge of speakers and hearers); (6) set of hypotheses
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