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the grammars of both SL and TL texts apparently becomes the only means
of translation accomplishment. Simon Chau, in "How to Translate 'This
is a Red Rose'", suggests two methods of accomplishing grammatical
translation. The traditional grammar method instructs the translator
to search for the "correct target language (TL) equivalent
lexicon/sentence via grammar". With the emergence of structural
linguistics, translation educators developed the Formal Linguistic
Method, according to which translation is considered a branch of
Applied Linguistics. While traditional grammar is prescriptive, formal
grammar is descriptive. Chau explains that, "While traditional grammar
subjectively defines classes and assigns rules for language based on
meaning, formal grammar does so objectively, based on a structural
analysis of the phonology, morphology, and syntax of a language." The
translation student is made fully aware of the formal features that
distinguish the SL from the TL text. For example, the differences of
gender are shown between many words in German and French, but in
English these differences are rare except in pronouns. German has
three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. Arabic has only two:
masculine and feminine. While in Arabic 'sun' is feminine and 'moon'
masculine, in English it is the other way round. Typical formal
features help bridge the structural gaps between any two languages.
2. THE CROSS-CULTURAL APPROACH
The cross-cultural approach to translation is the outcome of a
view of language which defines meaning in terms of cultural fields and
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