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Messages are linguistically set to fit in the relevant situational
contexts. Nida and de Waard (1986, p15) distinguish two types of
setting: (1) the original setting of the communication (who wrote
to whom about what, in what way, at what time, under what
circumstances, and for what evident purpose); and (2) the setting
in which the translation is read to or by receptors. What is
deemed most important about communication is that the pragmatic
intentions of the author must be sufficiently explicated in the
translated message.
(5) CODE
Language codes are sign systems in which messages are
encoded. A language code consists of signs and sign combinations.
Other language-dependent codes, eg. the Morse code, are used to
promote communication as well. The Morse Code is based on graphic
symbols (dots and dashes) transformable into language signs (words
and word combinations). The transformation of signs and sign
combinations from one code to another is the essence of
communication. In addition to language and language-dependent
codes, there exist other non-language, and yet codifiable,
manifestations which rPinforce and expediate communication. Such
non-language manifestations consist in gestures, facial
expressions, positions of the body, etc. Some of these non-verbal
manifestations, such as the speaker-hearer proximity, relate to
prevailing socialisation norms. Middle-Eastern people, for
instance, stand or sit at a relatively closer distance than their
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