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expressions as 'awfully', 'terrific', 'tremendous', etc. whose cognitive meaning has been radically modified by emotive use." JUSTIFICATION OF THE MODEL The rhetorical model can be used for translation teaching as well as translation quality assessment. Translation students and trainees may be advised to: (1) Read the source text and try to find out what it is all about. (2) Look up the words which seem unfamiliar. Identify the obligatory meaning control centres and the logical sequence in which they occur. Locate the extended meaning through close observance of rhetorical devices such as similes, metaphors, euphemisms, puns, parallelisms, juxtaposition, etc. Pinpoint the accessory meaning structures which are significant in so far as the formatting of the textual material is concerned. (3) Translate the first paragraph, sentence by sentence, with due attention paid to verbs and verb phrases since the verb is the carrier of action. (4) Notice that adverbial and prepositional phrases in Arabic usually occur in mid and final positions, but seldom in initial position. 150
(5) Once completed, leave the translated text for some time later if affordable. (6) Re-read the translation in the absence of the original. Polish it up if necessary, dismantling the interlocked meaning layers as an indispensable step towards the explication of the textual meaning. (7) Refer the translation to the original to find out if textual and contextual equivalence was achieved. For translation purposes, the translator must capitalize on his knowledge of the external world, his cultural background, his linguistic and literary competence and, above all, his intuition to construct an imaginary schematic translation of the source text before actualizing his translation in written form. The model is also applicable to assess quality in translation. Translation quality is often confused with literary quality. The two concepts are as distinct as they are distinguishable. Translation quality seeks in a translation a set of correspondences between the version and the original text. Therefore, it cannot be anything but relative. Literary quality, on the other hand, seeks to find out how the text, in language and theme, is relatable to the literary tradition to which it belongs. Quality in translation not only involves style and closeness to the original, but also equivalence of effect on the reader, ie. having the same emotional impact on the target reader as on the original one. To evaluate a translation one will have to judge 151
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TRANSLATION QUALITY ASSESSMENT AN A
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Lexical Correspondence. 128 Identif
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ABSTRACT Translation quality assess
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texts are identified before assessm
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INTRODUCTION This thesis focuses on
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components. However, more important
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PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS CHAPTER
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translation quality assessment? Wor
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elease Bayzantine prisoners in exch
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should have a perfect knowledge of
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translation was eventually cleared.
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(2) The style and manner of writing
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TL texts, and finally bring the rec
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(3) Stylistic equivalence, where th
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in two different languages cannot b
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Neubert goes on to discuss the ways
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Lotman (1976, pp153-96) argues that
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(a) "the concept of translation equ
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(structural) equivalences provided
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equivalence obtaining between TT an
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in various ways according to the ma
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Roman Jakobson adds another three f
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The communicative approach, of whic
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claims, "free from the formal conta
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to a certain system, to another sem
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(3) RECEPTORS The author of a text
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Messages are linguistically set to
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p192) In immediate interpersonal co
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concerning the communication situat
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level of the individual sentence? B
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In Europe, the linguistic analysis
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demarcation lines between a sentenc
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conditioned by the author's state o
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elevant issues encountered in text-
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features or goals with other texts
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the source text, a step which comes
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and confusing to obscure these diff
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Translation is a relational concept
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other replacement except what gramm
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intersemiotic - springs from and po
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the grammars of both SL and TL text
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unbridgeable. Strategies to bridge
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Moreover, the ability of both child
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he understands the cultural pattern
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to translation is unilaterally mean
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to be considered translations? Is a
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purposes. The transfer operation fo
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In political discourses, however, p
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language. Translations of medical,
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are pragmatically a single text but
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and 'relations' in terms of non-eva
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dependent layers of pragmatic, semi
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What matters more is the ways and m
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(texte) is open, mobile, vibrating
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Post-war linguists shifted their fo
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Page 113 and 114: is interpretable form its language,
Page 115 and 116: potential' of the source text be pr
Page 117 and 118: Hatim's arbitrary distinction betwe
Page 119 and 120: accessory meaning structures. Oblig
Page 121 and 122: semantics and the speech act theory
Page 123 and 124: Premised on a rigorous committment
Page 125 and 126: implemented, will help him achieve
Page 127 and 128: etween the translator as TL text-or
Page 129 and 130: The rhetorical model sets out to re
Page 131 and 132: SL text will have to be dismantled
Page 133 and 134: consists of two words: 'istaktabtuh
Page 135 and 136: The question of tense, which marks
Page 137 and 138: B. SYNTACTIC CORRESPONDENCE Anyone
Page 139 and 140: specific clause type in the recepto
Page 141 and 142: lexical items in any language devel
Page 143 and 144: The translator's exhaustive and pai
Page 145 and 146: this is achieved, semantic equivale
Page 147 and 148: agreement, and the verb/adverb prox
Page 149 and 150: object. If, in English, the adverb
Page 151 and 152: extracted from the text-supplied (l
Page 153 and 154: identifiable in terms of its contri
Page 155 and 156: In a literary text, the translator
Page 157 and 158: as impressive or forceful as it is
Page 159 and 160: The rhetorical model is primarily a
Page 161: apprehension, repulsiveness, or dis
Page 165 and 166: literary, literary, and hybrid or f
Page 167 and 168: I have mentioned earlier that textu
Page 169 and 170: The second stanza opens with a nega
Page 171 and 172: perceived. Only extensions of the o
Page 173 and 174: one to whom the message is addresse
Page 175 and 176: flies and horse-flies fill the air
Page 177 and 178: The same meaning is further develop
Page 179 and 180: emember a friend of my son's", the
Page 181 and 182: The same meaning is extended in the
Page 183 and 184: immediately answered. The reader is
Page 185 and 186: incident known in Islamic history a
Page 187 and 188: STATEMENT OF QUALITY As I have said
Page 189 and 190: came, by God, in droves" is rather
Page 191 and 192: that he could, with relative ease a
Page 193 and 194: emphatic, constitutes a juxtapositi
Page 195 and 196: fate, nor divert the pre-planned co
Page 197 and 198: Rendering this line into English, t
Page 199 and 200: In translating this line, the trans
Page 201 and 202: and death, decision and indecision,
Page 203 and 204: embedded, should be thinned so that
Page 205 and 206: The linguistic tools the author uti
Page 207 and 208: Some lexical mismatches are observa
Page 209 and 210: closely without realizing that the
Page 211 and 212: The two re-translations, put togeth
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TEXT IV /hybrid) This text is a , f
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describe him, I will mention all hi
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mundane household affairs. The 'lio
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The eighth wife (TT) said: "My husb
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feel proud of myself. He found me w
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to be sacrificed to the content. Th
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d) All informants identified the be
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d) All informants detected an ambig
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CONCLUSION In conclusion, we shall
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all levels. This is discussed in Ch
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BIBLIOGRAPHY ADEN, J M (ed.), (1963
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FRAWLEY, W, (ed.), (1984), Translat
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KHULUSI, S, (1986), Fann Al-Targama
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SHAHEEN, Abdus-Sabour, (1986), Al-A
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'71 r CI0,‘ Co. • 1/4/. Ck. CS\
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.n•n••. < • Ci E• sc, tct
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• • 1.54:•71.7 , • . • .
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250 THE JOURNAL OF STRATEGIC STUDIE
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• °aro. J4 L .01..) 42,1 • 0 j
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J 51211 al.)1 J110, J,•- . t_13;1
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.a)...) I ik ja.7- ji I,i I . 0-91
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• •Ij1? ZA.p.u. igiL Lid;,A . G
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•g • cie.C.A.c) 431 JU di Li ot
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6c. 4..:43,11 U5Z 6?- 1Li . 61), 1A
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•IA 0t5j—jj)II (put.. . 4.4,4 0
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cerc. iiiLi LI 0,..?,.;) iLi) 41441
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TT 1 - Were you to come to our vill
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The doum tree of Wad Hamid 3 to sho
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6 The doum tree of Wad Hamid Wherev
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8 The doum tree of Wad Hamid out at
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lo The doum tree of Wad Hamid and s
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The domn Iree qf Wad Hamid 13 sound
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doum tree of Wad liana 5 I shall no
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The down tree qf Wad Hamid i 7 what
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The doum tree of Wad Hamid me with
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271 ST11. : TaKen trom: POET:IY by
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Other tumours, however, are often d
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Immunotherapy is an experimental te
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foreign and begin to destroy it. Th
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• I; A jr6 0°-0-41 1-2-0 Le 1=9
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"i ° 71- 6715.9-1-" 1-4--1 I " &Ie
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83 the trouble of fetching it." (1)
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285 85 A with my family who were me
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