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extracted from the text-supplied (linguistic) material and the
extralinguistic material available outside the text. Natural logic
will help linguists to discover meaningful, meaningless, or
inconsistent expressions. They should not go far beyond that in an
attempt to discover the inner workings of the author's mind while
piecing together the ingredients of the mental picture which he
finally puts on paper. Therefore, a linguist should preoccupy
himself with trying to formulate rules which show the relations
between semantics and syntax on the one hand, and semantics and
pragmatics on the other. An agreed, rather arbitrarily, logic must
underlie these relations to avoid irregularities and
inconsistencies.
Newmark (1982, pp176-179) lists a number of resources
translators can draw upon in text analysis. They are: (a) theme
and rheme; (b) anaphoric and cataphoric reference; (c)
enumerations; (d) opposition, or dialectic; (e) redundancy; (f)
conjunctions; (g) substitution; (h) comparatives; (i) initial
negatives; (j) punctuation; and (k) rhetorical questions. These
resources are significant in so far as they help pinpoint and
distinguish specific meaning-carrying structures ia discourse
analysis.
There are three ways in which linguists and philosophers
have attempted to approach the issue of meaning. Meaning is
constructed at three main levels: (a) the word level; (b) the
sentence level; and (c) the communication level. The wor-d level
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