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na forma do art. 47 do Pacto das Nações Unidas sobre Direitos Civis e Políticos.<br />

Com efeito, são considerados titulares desse direito os povos dos Estados ou os<br />

povos vivendo sob domínio colonial. A partir do reconhecimento do direito de<br />

autodeterminação dos povos indígenas, surge a seguinte complicação: dois grupos<br />

elegíveis para esse direito confrontarem (ou poderem fazê-lo).<br />

3. A implementação dos direitos dos indígenas 49<br />

Pergunta: Que procedimento de imposição dos direitos humanos existe em<br />

âmbito universal<br />

a. O procedimento de relatórios dos Estados<br />

Como é complicada a concessão de direitos aos povos indígenas demonstra<br />

claramente o exemplo do Brasil. Este Estado, no seu Relatório à Comissão de Direitos<br />

Humanos 50 , desenvolve os seguintes argumentos:<br />

351. The 1988 Federal Constitution enshrines provisions aimed at protecting<br />

the rights of indigenous peoples. The social organization, customs, languages,<br />

beliefs, and traditions of indigenous communities are recognized, as well as<br />

their original rights over the lands they have traditionally occupied (art. 231).<br />

The lands occupied by indigenous communities are intended for permanent<br />

possession of such communities, which shall also enjoy exclusive use of the<br />

riches of soil and lakes located therein. The lands are inalienable and unavailable<br />

and the rights thereto imprescriptible. The removal of Indians from their<br />

lands may only be executed ad referendum by the National Congress in cases<br />

of catastrophe or epidemic that present an immediate threat to the affected<br />

population or in the interest of national sovereignty (article 231, paragraph<br />

5). Upon termination of the risk, the affected indigenous peoples are assured<br />

immediate return to their lands.<br />

352. Indigenous peoples and the organizations that represent them are<br />

entitled to file legal actions in defense of their rights (article 232). The Federal<br />

49<br />

Cf. Heintze, H.-J. Indigenous peoples and the right to self-determination: is the claim to self-determination a trap In:<br />

Humanitäres Völkerrecht-Informationsschriften, 2008, p. 238ss; Scheinin, M. The right to enjoy a distict culture: indigenous<br />

and competing uses of land. In: Orlin, T.S.; Rosas, A.; Scheinin, M. The jurisprudence of human rights law. Abo: Abo<br />

University Press, 2000, p. 159ss.<br />

50<br />

UN Doc. CCPR/C/BRA/2004/2, p. 81.<br />

Hans-Joachim Heintze<br />

323

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