anestesia casos clínicos

Capítulo VI - Anestesia em Ortopedia Anestesia Casos Clínicos - 115principalmente para os iniciantes, não avançar a agulha se a ponta não é visível. Para ajudar na orientação,deve-se mover uma mão de cada vez, repousando a mão que segura o sensor no paciente e manter o sensorpróximo à base, quando a agulha não puder ser vista. O conhecimento da anatomia é essencial. A utilizaçãoconjunta de neuroestimulador, pode ser útil. Caso não ocorra deslocamento dos tecidos após injeção,considerar a possibilidade de injeção intravascular. Outros fatores como aspirações frequentes, pressão deinjeção e resposta do paciente também são importantes.LEITURAS RECOMENDADAS:1. Akamatsu TJ, Siebold KH - The synergistic toxicity of local anesthetics. Anesthesiology, 1967;28:238.2. Aminoff MJ - Electrophysiologic testing for the diagnosis of peripheral nerve injuries. Anesthesiology, 2004;100:1298–1303.3. Angst MS, Clark JD - Opioid-induced hyperalgesia: a qualitative systematic review. Anesthesiology, 2006;104:570–587.4. Apfelbaum JL, Lichtor JL, Lane BS et al. - Awakening, clinical recovery, and psychomotor effects after desflurane andpropofol anesthesia. Anesth Analg, 1996;83:721–725.5. Assmann N, McCartney CJ, Tumber PS et al. - Ultrasound guidance for brachial plexus localization and catheterinsertion after complete forearm amputation. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2007;32:93.6. Auroy Y, Benhamou D, Bargues L et al. - Major complications of regional anesthesia in France: the SOS RegionalAnesthesia Hotline Service. Anesthesiology, 2002;97:1274–1280.7. Beach ML, Sites BD, Gallagher JD - Use of a nerve stimulator does not improve the efficacy of ultrasound-guidedsupraclavicular nerve blocks. J Clin Anesth, 2006;18:580–584.8. Ben-David B, Levin H, Yarhi D - An unusual explanation for a failed spinal. Can J Anaesth 1995;42:448–9.9. Benhamou D - Axillary plexus block using multiple nerve stimulation: a European view. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2001;26495-498.10. Bigeleisen PE - Nerve puncture and apparent intraneural injection during ultrasound-guided axillary block does notinvariably result in neurologic injury. Anesthesiology, 2006;105:779–783.11. Boezaart A, Koorn R, Rosenquist RW - Paravertebral approach to the brachial plexus: an anatomic improvement intechnique. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2003;28:241–244.12. Borgeat A, Aguirre J - Sedation and regional anesthesia. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol, 2009;22:678–682.13. Bradford EMW - Haemodynamic changes associated with the application of lower limb tourniquets. Anaesthesia,1969;24:190-197.14. Branthwaite MA - Cardiorespiratory consequences of unfused idiopathic scoliosis. Br J Dis Chest, 1986;80:360–369.15. Broadbent CR, Maxwell WB, Ferrie R et al. - Ability of anaesthetists to identify a marked lumbar interspace. Anaesthesia,2000;55:1122-1126.16. Brown DL, Ransom DM, Hall JA et al. -Regional anesthesia and local anesthetic-induced systemic toxicity: seizurefrequency and accompanying cardiovascular changes. Anesth Analg, 1995;81:321–328.17. Capdevila X, Pirat Ph, Bringuier S et al. - Continuous peripheral nerve blocks in hospital wards after orthopedic surgery:a multicenter prospective analysis of the quality of postoperative analgesia and complications in 1,416 patients.Anesthesiology, 2005;103:1035–1045.18. Casati A, Baciarello M, Di Cianni S et al. - Effects of ultrasound guidance on the minimum effective anaesthetic volumerequired to block the femoral nerve. Br J Anaesth, 2007;98:823–827.