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The Conservative Reformation and Its Theology - Saint Mary ...

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that the writing, of which the pen is the instrument, the picture which is<br />

painted by the pencil, have these qualities.<br />

Again, we say of a portrait or a statue: This picture is Washington,<br />

this statue is Napoleon. <strong>The</strong> figure is grammatical, for the identification is<br />

based upon a real likeness. We can say, This picture is meant for<br />

Washington; but it is not Washington--it is no more Washington than it is<br />

any other man, that is, the identification lacks the reality of likeness.<br />

Again, we say: His brain is clear, his h<strong>and</strong> is ready; because of a real<br />

relation between the thought <strong>and</strong> its organ, the brain--the energy <strong>and</strong> its<br />

organ, the h<strong>and</strong>.<br />

<strong>The</strong>re are two kinds of figures which may be called grammatical.<br />

<strong>The</strong> one is METONOMY, based upon a real relation between cause <strong>and</strong><br />

effect, or of subject <strong>and</strong> adjunct; the second, SYNECDOCHE, based upon<br />

a real relation of the whole <strong>and</strong> its parts, or of the genus <strong>and</strong> its species.<br />

<strong>The</strong> question here is not whether the words of the Supper contain a<br />

grammatical figure, but whether they contain a rhetorical one--not whether<br />

there is in them a metonomy, or a synecdoche, but whether there is in them<br />

a metaphor?<br />

II. Metaphors reduced to propositions.<br />

II. Rhetorical figurative expressions, under whatever part of speech<br />

they are couched, or however modified in form, presuppose a starting<br />

proposition which may, ordinarily, be easily reduced to a noun subject,<br />

connected by the copula “is” with a noun predicate. <strong>The</strong> word of God is<br />

sharp, cutting to the dividing asunder of soul <strong>and</strong> spirit, implies: God's<br />

word is a sword. Man flourishes in the morning, in the evening he is cut<br />

down, <strong>and</strong> withereth: Man is a flower. <strong>The</strong> righteous grows in majesty, his<br />

roots spread forth by the river of life, <strong>and</strong> his fruits fail not: <strong>The</strong> righteous<br />

man is a tree. To this simplest form the words of the Institution are<br />

reduced, if they are metaphorical: This (bread) is My body.<br />

III. Metaphor always in the predicate.<br />

III. In a metaphor, in the form of a noun subject, connected by the<br />

substantive copula with a noun predicate, the metaphor always lies in the<br />

predicate, never in the subject.<br />

1. This is so clear in the ordinary arrangement of metaphorical

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