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and process innovations and innovative activities. Summing up the abovementioned
assessment of innovation and technological terms, the interpretation of the scientific
literature analysis, it must be concluded that innovative technologies can be seen as
successfully formed and adapted new technologies that provide new or improve the market
with already existing products and processes.
Table 1. The concept of innovation.
Author
Rogers (2003)
Malerba (1997)
Oslo Manual (2005)
Schumpeter (1934)
Oslo Manual (2005)
Myers and Marquis
(1969)
Trott (2012)
Concept
An innovation is an idea, practice, or project that is
perceived as new by an individual or other unit of adoption.
Innovation refers to a tradable application of an invention, as a
result of invention integration into economic and social practice.
Innovation is regarded, therefore, being a result of a process that
starts with an idea genesis and continues with its materialization.
Oslo Manual defines innovation to be an activity that produces
new or significantly improved goods (products or services),
processes, marketing methods or business organization.
He distinguished five innovation types: new produces, new
production methods, exploitation of new markets, new ways to
offer products on the market and new ways of business
organization.
The Oslo Manual also identified and defined the following four
categories of innovation:
Product innovation—the introduction of a product or service
that is new or significantly improved with respect to its
characteristics or intended uses. This includes significant
improvements in technical specifications, components and
materials, incorporated software, user friendliness or other
functional characteristics.
Process innovation—the implementation of a new or
significantly improved production or delivery method. This
includes significant changes in techniques, equipment and/or
software.
Marketing innovation—the implementation of a new
marketing method involving significant changes in product
design or packaging, product placement, product promotion
or pricing.
Organisational innovation—the implementation of a new
organizational method in the firm’s business practices,
workplace organization or external relations.
Innovation is concerned with commercial and practical
application and it covers a process in which intellectual thought is
brought into practice by means of various sub processes
such as testing and prototyping, reflection on its added value
among customer groups.
Innovation is the management of all the activities involved in
the process of idea generation, technology development,
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