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Nevertheless any model is intrinsically a simplification of reality and leaves a lot of questions
unanswered.
In conjunction with the evolution of innovation concepts and models distinct types of
innovation – from the “classical” product and process innovations to such exotic types as
the “blue ocean” and the “frugal” innovation – have been developed. Accordingly, various
scholars all over the world have tackled a challenge to structure existing multipartite types
of innovation (Kotsemir, Abroskin, & Dirk, 2013). In concordance with the explored
expedient international resources several approaches to classification of various types of
business related innovation can be identified: classical or multitype; by degree of
innovativeness; multilayer; dichotonomical; dually-dichotonomical; innovation life cycle
maturity; novel.
In overall spread of the innovation studies, which internationally have been continuing in
the fields of economics and management since 1960th till nowadays, unambiguously was
influenced by the developmental trends of the economy of the post-industrial society
towards the knowledge-based economy. That is characterized by increasing precedence of
tertiary and quaternary sectors of the economy. Considering that quaternary sector consist
of intellectual activities, along with its expansion in advanced economies the trends towards
greater dependence on knowledge, information and high-skilled labour force, along with the
increasing need for handy access to all of these by business and public sectors have
emerged. Given that a knowledge-based approach focuses on the interactive processes
through which knowledge is created and exchanged both within and outside firms and other
economic entities, in the past decades internationally elaborated woks (Freeman & Soete,
1997; Drucker, 1998; Bailey & Ford, 2003; Marinova & Phillimore, 2003; OECD & Eurostat,
2005; Chesbrough, 2006; Bessant & Tidd, 2007; Godin, 2008; O’Sullivan & Dooley, 2009;
Tidd & Bessant, 2012; Kotsemir, Abroskin, & Dirk, 2013) emphasise the substantiality of
taking a broad perspective on the business related innovation.
In this context, innovation concept is based on the position that the use of new products,
processes, organisational and marketing methods leads to new ways of thinking and new
knowledge. Thus iterative cycle of knowledge and creation of new knowledge, in turn, leads
to intensification of business firms related innovative processes. Then it is crucial to know
why, how and what firms innovate in order to improve their performance and competitive
position under varying and unpredictable uncertainty of external macro environment. In this
quest for measuring business related innovation data from the perspective of the firm,
statistics has been the best way to establish the evidence.
Framework of business related innovation data measuring
Technological innovation has been measured in the expedient scientific literature through
patents in-between the 1910s and late 1950th. “Then, it appeared to scientists that patent
counts measure invention, not (commercialized) innovation” (as cited in Godin, 2008). Since
then expenditures devoted to R&D came to be used as a proxy of innovation due to the
systematic data collection in the then survey series from the US National Science
Foundation. This practice speedily spread to other countries via the so-called Frascati
Manual – i.e. the internationally recognised methodology for collecting and using R&D
statistics – since its first edition was adopted in 1963 by the conference of national experts
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