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covering the entire personality and its development, many researchers have a similar
perception and definition of it (Table 2). Creativity is associated with psychological
characteristics that help to create and discover something new and valuable. The
effectiveness of problem solving depends on a special ability to use the available information
quickly and in different ways rather than on knowledge or skills. This characteristic has been
named creativity (Grakauskaitė–Karkockienė, 2002).
Table 2. Definitions of creativity (compiled by the author).
Year Author Definition
1926 Wallas Creativity is a legacy of the evolutionary process, which allowed
humans to quickly adapt to rapidly changing environments.
1958 Kubie The arrangement of things and ideas in a new way.
1959 Guilford The term creativity can describe human thoughts, ideas, decisions
and behaviours which can also be characterised by the terms
‘abundance’, ‘flexibility’, ‘originality’ and ‘particularity’.
1961 Parnes and Creativity is intelligent or useful behaviour, satisfying by a
Harding significant group of people at some point in time.
1962 Mednick Creativity is the forming of associative elements into new
combinations that meet some requirement or are useful.
1970 Prince Creativity is an arbitrary harmony, an expected astonishment, a
habitual revelation, a familiar surprise, a generous selfishness, an
unexpected certainty, a formable stubbornness, a vital triviality, a
disciplined freedom, an intoxicating steadiness, a repeated
initiation, a difficult delight, a predictable gamble, a unifying
difference, a demanding satisfier, a miraculous expectation.
1984 Botwinick Creative personalities are original and unique, yielding
extraordinary results and at the same time meeting the social
needs and aesthetic requirements.
1989 Feldman Creativity is the purposeful transformation of a body of
knowledge, where that transformation is so significant that the
body of knowledge is irreversibly changed.
1995 Epstein, Dilts Creativity is a domestic term. It is usually used to describe new
behaviour with social value.
1995 Sternberg and
Lubart
Creativity is the ability to create new (e.g. original, unexpected)
and appropriate (e.g. useful, consistent with the requirements)
things.
2003 Grakauskaitė
– Karkockienė
Traditionally, creativity is defined as the ability to discover
something new, original, unexpected.
2004 Pudmenzky Creativity is a phenomenon that has three attributes: exploration,
novelty and usefulness.
2006 Maslow It is a fundamental trait of human nature, potency given to people
when they are born.
2007 Jovaiša Creativity is a complex of personality traits, enabling by productive
work to achieve original, socially significant and qualitatively new
results.
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