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The International Monetary Fund Reduced Georgia’s Economic Growth Prognosis of 2015 from 5% to 2% [saerthashoriso savaluto fondma saqarthvelos 2015 tslis ekonomikuri-zrdis prognozi 5-dan 2-mde sheamcira] (in Georgian). http://www.bpn.ge/ekonomika/10860-saerthashoriso-savaluto-fondmasaqarthvelos-2015-tslis-ekonomikuri-zrdis-prognozi-5-dan-2-mde-sheamcira.html?lang=ka-GE. World Investment Report: Towards a New Generation of Investment Policies (2012).UNCTAD. United Nations Publications. The export and Import of Georgia (2003-12014 US $) the diagram is made according to the data of National Statistics office of Georgia. Retrieved from: http://www.geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=136&lang=geo. The World Bank: IFC (2014): Doing Business 2013: Smarter Regulations for Small and Medium-Size Enterprises. Washington, DC: World Bank Grou 325
THE PERCEPTIONS OF PARTNERS’ TRUSTWORTHINESS IN RUSSIAN-FINNISH BUSINESS Minna JUKKA Lappeenranta University of Technology, School of Business and Management, Lappeenranta, Finland. Abstract The perceived trustworthiness of business partners is a critical component of successful buyer–supplier relationships. However international business partners may perceive their partner’s trustworthiness differently. The aim of this study was to analyze how business partners participating in Russian-Finnish trade evaluate their business partner’s trustworthiness. The qualitative data was collected from interviews of 22 Russian and Finnish managers. Inductively formed trustworthiness categories were clustered, and the clusters were analyzed using conceptual maps. The main differences between the Finns and the Russians were Russian preference for personal connections, informal communication, fast reactions, emotions, transparency of partner’s expectations, and mutual benevolence. The Finns perceived the partner organization, instead of the key person, as the business partner. They emphasized rationality and punctuality. This study contributes to the literature on relationship marketing in the contexts of cross-cultural buyer-supplier relationships. It identifies the differences between trustworthiness perceptions of the Russian and Finnish business partners. As practical results informal communication, transparency in business expectations, flexibility, and favors could be ways to achieve trust in Russian business. Keywords: relationship marketing, trustworthiness, Russian-Finnish, buyer-supplier relationships. Introduction Relationship marketing can be defined as “all marketing activities directed towards establishing, developing, and maintaining successful relational exchanges” (Morgan & Hunt, 1994, 22). In this field, perceived trustworthiness is seen as a critical component of successful buyer–supplier relationships (Andersen, Christensen & Damgaard, 2009; Barney & Hansen, 1994; Dyer & Chu, 2003). It has also been found to be a source of competitive advantage for companies (Barney & Hansen, 1994). However, in intercultural business relationships the different cultural backgrounds of partners could have an effect on trustworthiness perceptions. Partners coming from different cultures may perceive each other’s trustworthiness differently (Ari o et al., 1997). This study explores how Russian and Finnish industrial buyers and suppliers evaluate each other’s trustworthiness. The research question is: What are the trustworthiness perceptions of Russian and Finnish managers participating into Russian–Finnish trade? This study contributes the literature on relationship marketing in the contexts of cross-cultural buyer-supplier relationships by identifying the differences between trustworthiness perceptions of Russian and Finnish business partners. Theoretical background Trustworthiness as a predominant determinant of trust is accumulated perceptual experiences that lead to trust another person, institution or organization (Caldwell & Clapham, 2003). Trustworthiness of a person, group or organization is defined as a measure of their ability, benevolence and integrity perceived by the other party (Mayer, Davis, & Schoorman, 1995). In this study, the business partner’s trustworthiness is conceptualized more generally as a 326
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PROCEEDINGS OF The International Bu
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Proceedings of the International Bu
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Costs and Benefits of Marketing Com
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Sources of Competitive Advantage in
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INNOVATIVE THINKING AS A REQUIREMEN
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The participants of the conducted s
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thinking: nature, specific traits,
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4. The training programs aimed at t
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second reason lies in the specifics
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Conclusions To sum up, it should be
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the impact of the macro-environment
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Creativity Figure 2. The structure
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Boden (2004) distinguishes two broa
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consists of factors and trends oper
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Druzhinin, 1999 Gebert, 2002 Krause
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Table 4. Details of the respondents
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Figure 5. Distribution of expectati
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climate, which obstructs the expres
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Simonton, D. K. (2003). Scientific
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Unlocking and diffusing environment
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11. Aping: a copy cat is possible b
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finding tours, network sessions, id
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Conclusions Although this research
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THE INTERFACE BETWEEN THE STUDENTS
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135 (47.4 percent) students, the re
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and agreeableness. Most researchers
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individuals with strongly expressed
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of statistics were identified in th
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When analysing the data of the Crea
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Childishness 5.77 1.79 5.46 1.66 1.
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Generalizing the obtained results i
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openness to experience in students
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the third year students, as well as
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Wang, N., Jome, L. M., Haase, R. F.
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Csikszentmihalyi (1991) concurs and
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Pictures, imaging, perception and m
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participants had given their consen
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Kirkpatrick D. (1994) cited Rigg &
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the ability to transform the existi
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Almost 70 percent of the students i
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The respondents studying at the Fac
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with other faculties who are willin
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INNOVATIVE AND CREATIVE ICT SOLUTIO
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The author suggests that the proces
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activity (e.g. between two and thre
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characteristics of innovative ICT s
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Innovative and creative business so
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type of projector. Its type and cap
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Badzioska, E. (2016). The Concept o
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BUILDING RESILIENT ORGANIZATIONS AN
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Even though open innovation is most
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Most of the wood construction -rela
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MEE (Finnish Ministry of Employment
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the concept. Conceptual layer is co
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It is important to indicate the acc
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elationship can have the impact on
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THE USE OF TIME-DRIVEN ACTIVITY BAS
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The term of time consuming includes
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Table 1. The time equation of purch
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In the classical approach of accoun
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COSTS AND BENEFITS OF MARKETING COM
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Marketing experts A total of 13 mar
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No common rules, but facilitators D
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For radio spots and TV ads, adverti
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interviewed companies were locally
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(Objectives of) the most used and b
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Table 7. Correlation of interest in
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selected by companies amid various
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Exhibit 1). This shows a clear conn
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Brand awareness is thought to accru
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celebration, victory and the epitom
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eaching and identifying with their
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2014). This worked to increase awar
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Exhibit 6. Impact of Marketing Tech
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McDonald, Colin. (1991). Sponsorshi
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products dedicated to older consume
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The study was conducted in November
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The study was conducted by question
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The research results also showed th
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stages. (Freeman, Soete, 2001). Kul
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and process innovations and innovat
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company's innovation culture. For e
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Conclusions Reviewing the definitio
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ONE DOWNTOWN STREET. ONE DOWNTOWN P
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construction of new ones while othe
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association of post-earthquake buil
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After carrying out of this inquiry,
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SOCIAL MEDIA AND ITS INFLUENCES ON
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Social Media Definition of social m
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Forums Perhaps the forums came befo
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find 80% their prefer shops online
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ASSESSMENT OF DIFFERENT GENERATION
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Table 1. Generations of Georgian po
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FOOD-RELATED LIFESTYLE AS AN INNOVA
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The eco-moderate food consumer, Th
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Source: author’s elaboration. Fig
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Cholewa-Wójcik, A., & Świda, J. (
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The aim of work is to analyze diffe
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The results of empirical research c
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Legal framework According Hattori a
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on companies as it’s a key elemen
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Figure 5. Opinion about false adver
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EVALUATION OF POSSIBILITIES TO CHAN
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logistics is to save resources, to
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Figure 2. Review of Cargo handling
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Air pollution passes into other sph
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Figure 6. The Cascade bulk cargo ha
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Figure 8. Principle of dust suppres
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WHEN SHARED VALUE MEETS CREATIVITY:
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Figure 1. Value creation framework
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in private people who are oriented
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“Creative thinking led to Nobel P
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offer the machine, for free. Then t
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Yunus, M., Dalsace, F., Menasce, D.
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Clearly declarative character, mani
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management, because it would mean t
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of companies do not see the need to
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Figure 6. Problems noticed in enter
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epresentatives of SMEs have a right
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practitioners have developed their
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Table 2. Industrial state problems
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Acting boldly without being limited
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SOCIAL STAKEHOLDERS APPROACH TO TRA
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Assessing Vilniaus kolegija/Univers
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graduates were useful for their ins
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S. Pogosian and I. Dzemyda (2012) n
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European policies toward flexible w
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the “Law on Temporary Agency Empl
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where staff where engaged in tempor
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Edquist C. & Hommen L. Comparing na
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In 1997, this ‘overly constricted
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Figure 1. Major themes identified d
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Given that SMEs were shaped by thei
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approached in the recent study by J
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Foreman-Peck, J., & Nicholls, T. (2
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unemployment? Journal of Business V
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Business related innovation phenome
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Page 343 and 344: for sources of competitive advantag
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Page 349 and 350: Budzyoska-Biernat A. (2015). Strate
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Page 357 and 358: No. Competence Score Group No. Comp
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Page 363 and 364: organizations and institutions resp
Page 365 and 366: Municipalities were chosen in a way
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Page 371 and 372: Shin, Y. (2010). Residents' Percept
Page 373 and 374: Hence, Georgia has made a big succe
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Figure 3. Credit (ECTs) distributio
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There are provided good organizatio
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Academic representatives to receive
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total exports. Travel & Tourism inv
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trends in the development of touris
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philosopher Arsene Ikaltoeli taught
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Terms of fierce competition in the
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PROMOTING INNOVATION IN THE HOTEL I
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Leadership in Energy and Environmen
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Conclusions This article reviewed i
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ISBN Ba Proceedings of the Internat
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