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approached in the recent study by Jayawarna et al. (2014, 282) who proved that ‘the poor
avoid entrepreneurship except when low household income threatens further downward
mobility.’ Therefore, the increase in self-employment may encourage to create low paid and
demanding jobs. Thurik et al. (2008) and Parker et al. (2012) found bi-directionality between
variations in unemployment and self-employment rates. Those studies were consistent with
Carmona et al. (2012) who showed that business cycle fluctuations in output and
unemployment rates led to fluctuations in self-employment rates. It is worth noting that
Moscarini and Postel-Vinay (2012) showed that employment in large firms was more closely
linked to changes in the unemployment rate than those of small businesses. Contrary,
Mueller et al. (2008) proved that self-employment might be inefficient and negative for
some low-enterprise counties.
Conclusions
Job creation phenomenon was investigated and debated by at least two streams of research
converging on the issues of how firm characteristics influenced job creation and what
quality of jobs small firms created. The phenomenon seemed to be highly topical and
relevant. Job creation was discussed in many diverse backgrounds. The four main areas
dominated the field: growth, entrepreneurship, economics, and regional development.
There were many exploratory and explanatory empirical studies, but there are still avenues
for future research particularly in the quality of HGFs’ jobs at the regional level.
Although many researchers such as Carlsson et al. (2013:927) emphasized ‘the desirability of
developing theory’, this study call to concentrate on Venkataraman’s et al. (2012) invitation
to draw on a framework based on wisdom rather than building grand theories. Volery and
Mazzarol (2015:393) gave insights on how it may be achieved: ‘most importantly, a need to
develop hypotheses, interpret results and formulate recommendations from the
perspective of small firms.’ However, methodological development should be further
enhanced (McDonald et al., 2013; Hill and Wright, 2001:441). Finally, there were continued
calls for more epistemological stance (Kyrö and Kansikas, 2005; McDonald et al., 2013).
Furthermore, Manchester City Region is being analysed on those matters. The upcoming
research will not just follow Anyadike-Danes et al. (2015) but also try to estimate quality of
jobs with regards of wages, hours and security.
Finally, the main limitation of this literature review was concentration on the
entrepreneurship journals. A further literature reviews could include more articles from
journals covering other topics such as geography, urbanisation and regional development
and discuss them in more detail.
References
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Anyadike-Danes, M., Bonner, K., Hart, M., & Mason, C. (2009). Measuring business growth: high growth firms
and their contribution to employment in the UK. London: NESTA. London. Retrieved from
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