Safety evaluation of certain food additives - ipcs inchem

142 PHYTOSTEROLS, PHYTOSTANOLS AND THEIR ESTERS
Table 6 (contd)
Observations Reference
Food additive Study population Food item Daily intakea Study
duration
Colgan et al.
(2004)
3 weeks Decrease in absolute
-carotene plasma
levels, but not in carotene
levels adjusted
to LDL cholesterol
Fat spread 1.6 g phytosterols/
day
Phytosterol esters 48 hypercholesterolaemic
men
Richelle et al.
(2004)
1 week Decrease of
bioavailability of carotene
and tocopherol
2.2 g phytosterols/
day
Phytosterol esters 26 healthy volunteers Milk-based
beverage
Richelle et al.
(2004)
1 week Decrease of
bioavailability of carotene
and -tocopherol
(less than with phytosterol
esters)
2.2 g phytosterols/
day
Phytosterols 26 healthy volunteers Milk-based
beverage
Thomsen et al.
(2004)
4 weeks Decrease in absolute carotene
and -tocopherol
plasma levels, but not after
adjustment to LDL levels
Low-fat milk 1.2 or 1.6 g
phytosterols/day
Phytosterols 71 moderately
hypercholesterolaemic
subjects
Noakes et al.
(2005)
3 × 3 weeks Decrease of cholesteroladjusted
-carotene
plasma levels
2 or 4 g
phytosterols/day
Low-fat milk/fat
spread
39 moderately
hypercholesterolaemic
subjects
Phytosterol esters
(single-blind
study)