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Safety evaluation of certain food additives - ipcs inchem

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160 PHYTOSTEROLS, PHYTOSTANOLS AND THEIR ESTERS<br />

Nissinen, M.J., Vuoristo, M., Gylling, H. & Miettinen, T.A. (2007) Respective hydrolysis and<br />

esterification <strong>of</strong> esterified and free plant stanols occur rapidly in human intestine after their<br />

duodenal infusion in triacyl- or diacylglycerol. Lipids, 42, 603–612.<br />

Noakes, M., Clifton, P.M., Ntanios, F.Y., Shrapnel, W., Record, I. & McInerney, J. (2002) An<br />

increase in dietary carotenoids when consuming plant sterols or stanols is effective in<br />

maintaining plasma carotenoid concentrations. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 75, 79–86.<br />

Noakes, M., Clifton, P.M., Doornbos, A.M.E. & Trautwein, E.A. (2005) Plant sterol ester–<br />

enriched milk and yoghurt effectively reduce serum cholesterol in modestly<br />

hypercholesterolemic subjects. Eur. J. Nutr., 44, 214–222.<br />

Normén, L., Ellegard, L., Janssen, H.-G., Steenbergen, H., Trautwein, E. & Andersson, H.<br />

(2006) Phytosterol and phytostanol esters are effectively hydrolysed in the gut and do not<br />

affect fat digestion in ileostomy subjects. Eur. J. Nutr., 45, 165–170.<br />

Ntanios, F.Y., Homma, Y. & Ushiro, S. (2002) A spread enriched with plant sterol-esters lowers<br />

blood cholesterol and lipoproteins without affecting vitamins A and E in normal and<br />

hypercholesterolemic Japanese men and women. J. Nutr., 132, 3650–3655.<br />

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C.A. (2002) Gastrointestinal absorption and plasma kinetics <strong>of</strong> soy 5 -phytosterols and<br />

phytostanols in humans. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 282, E911–E916.<br />

Pant, K.J. (2000a) Evaluation <strong>of</strong> FCP-3P1 in the Salmonella typhimurium/Escherichia coli<br />

plate incorporation/pre-incubation mutation assay in the presence and absence <strong>of</strong> induced<br />

rat liver S-9. Study No. 0521-2140. Unpublished final report <strong>of</strong> Sitek Research Laboratories<br />

for Forbes Medi-Tech, 23 February 2000, 76 pp.<br />

Pant, K.J. (2000b) Evaluation <strong>of</strong> FCP-3P1 in the L5178Y TK +/ mouse lymphoma<br />

mutagenesis assay with colony size <strong>evaluation</strong> in the presence and absence <strong>of</strong> induced<br />

rat liver S-9 with a confirmatory study. Study No. 0521-2400. Unpublished final report <strong>of</strong><br />

Sitek Research Laboratories for Forbes Medi-Tech, 23 February 2000, 76 pp.<br />

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186, 12–19.<br />

Pinedo, S., Vissers, M.N., von Bergmann, K., Elharchaoui, K., Lütjohann, D., Luben, R.,<br />

Wareham, N.J., Kastelein, J.J., Khaw, K.T. & Boekholdt, S.M. (2007) Plasma levels <strong>of</strong> plant<br />

sterols and the risk <strong>of</strong> coronary artery disease: the prospective EPIC-Norfolk Population<br />

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Plana, N., Nicolle, C., Ferre, R., Camps, J., Cos, R., Villoria, J. & Masana, L. (2008) Plant<br />

sterol–enriched fermented milk enhances the attainment <strong>of</strong> LDL-cholesterol goal in<br />

hypercholesterolemic subjects. Eur. J. Nutr., 47, 32–39.<br />

Plat, J. & Mensink, R.P. (2005) Plant stanol and sterol esters in the control <strong>of</strong> blood cholesterol<br />

levels: mechanism and safety aspects. Am. J. Cardiol., 96, 15D–22D.<br />

Plat, J., van Onselen, E.N.M., van Heugten, M.M.A. & Mensink, R.P. (2000) Effects on serum<br />

lipids, lipoproteins and fat soluble antioxidant concentrations <strong>of</strong> consumption frequency <strong>of</strong><br />

margarines and shortenings enriched with plant esters. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 54, 671–677.<br />

Polagruto, J.A., Wang-Polagruto, J.F., Braun, M.M., Lee, L., Kwik-Uribe, C. & Keen, C.L.<br />

(2006) Cocoa flavanol-enriched snack bars containing phytosterols effectively lower total<br />

and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 106, 1804–1813.<br />

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test). Zeist, Netherlands, TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute (TNO Report<br />

V98.221).<br />

Prinsen, M.K. (1998b) Sensitization study with PU-029P97 in guinea pigs (maximization<br />

test). Zeist, Netherlands, TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute (TNO Report<br />

V98.222).<br />

Quílez, J., Rafecas, M., Brufau, G., García-Lorda, P., Megías, I., Bulló, M., Ruiz, J.A. &<br />

Salas-Salvadó, J. (2003) Bakery products enriched with phytosterol esters, -tocopherol

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