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Safety evaluation of certain food additives - ipcs inchem

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PHYTOSTEROLS, PHYTOSTANOLS AND THEIR ESTERS 157<br />

6. REFERENCES<br />

Abramsson-Zetterberg, L., Svensson, M. & Johnsson, L. (2007) No evidence <strong>of</strong> genotoxic<br />

effect in vivo <strong>of</strong> the phytosterol oxidation products triols and epoxides. Toxicol. Lett., 173,<br />

132–139.<br />

Appel, M.J. (1998a) Acute oral toxicity study (limit study) with WD-041T97 in rats. Zeist,<br />

Netherlands, TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute (TNO Report V98.212).<br />

Appel, M.J. (1998b) Acute dermal toxicity study (limit study) with WD-041T97 in rats. Zeist,<br />

Netherlands, TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute (TNO Report V98.213).<br />

Appel, M.J. (1998c) Acute dermal irritation/corrosion study with WD-041T97 in albino<br />

rabbits. Zeist, Netherlands, TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute (TNO Report<br />

V98.214).<br />

Appel, M.J. (1998d) Acute eye irritation/corrosion study with WD-041T97 in albino rabbits.<br />

Zeist, Netherlands, TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute (TNO Report V98.215).<br />

Appel, M.J. (1998e) Acute oral toxicity study (limit study) with PU-029P97 in rats. Zeist,<br />

Netherlands, TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute (TNO Report V98.217).<br />

Appel, M.J. (1998f) Acute dermal toxicity study (limit study) with PU-029P97 in rats. Zeist,<br />

Netherlands, TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute (TNO Report V98.218).<br />

Appel, M.J. (1998g) Acute dermal irritation/corrosion study with PU-029P97 in albino rabbits.<br />

Zeist, Netherlands, TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute (TNO Report V98.219).<br />

Appel, M.J. (1998h) Acute eye irritation/corrosion study with PU-029P97 in albino rabbits.<br />

Zeist, Netherlands, TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute (TNO Report V98.220).<br />

Assmann, G., Cullen, P., Erbey, J., Ramey, D.R., Kannenberg, F. & Schulte, H. (2006) Plasma<br />

sitosterol elevations are associated with an increased incidence <strong>of</strong> coronary events in men:<br />

results <strong>of</strong> a nested case–control analysis <strong>of</strong> the Prospective Cardiovascular Münster<br />

(PROCAM) study. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis., 161, 13–21.<br />

Ayesh, R., Weststrate, J.A., Drewitt, P.N. & Hepburn, P.A. (1999) <strong>Safety</strong> <strong>evaluation</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />

phytosterol esters. Part 5. Faecal short-chain fatty acid and micr<strong>of</strong>lora content, faecal<br />

bacterial enzyme activity and serum female sex hormones in healthy normolipidaemic<br />

volunteers consuming a controlled diet either with or without a phytosterol ester–enriched<br />

margarine. Food Chem. Toxicol., 37, 1127–1138.<br />

Baker, V.A., Hepburn, P.A., Kennedy, S.J., Jones, P.A., Lea, L.J., Sumpter, J.P. & Ashby, J.<br />

(1999) Assessment <strong>of</strong> oestrogenicity using a combination <strong>of</strong> in vivo and in vitro assays.<br />

Food Chem. Toxicol., 37, 13–22.<br />

Boberg, K.M., Lund, E., Ölund, J. & Björkhem, I. (1990) Formation <strong>of</strong> C21 bile acids from plant<br />

sterols in the rat. J. Biol. Chem., 265, 7967– 7975.<br />

Bradford, P.G. & Awad, A.B. (2007) Phytosterols as anticancer compounds. Mol. Nutr. Food<br />

Res., 51, 161–170.<br />

Chan, Y.M., Varady, K.A., Lin, Y., Trautwein, E., Mensink, R.P., Plat, J. & Jones, P.J. (2006)<br />

Plasma concentrations <strong>of</strong> plant sterols: physiology and relationship with coronary heart<br />

disease. Nutr. Rev., 64, 385–402.<br />

Clifton, P.M., Noakes, M., Ross, D., Fassoulakis, A., Cehun, M. & Nestel, P. (2004) High<br />

dietary intake <strong>of</strong> phytosterol esters decreases carotenoids and increases plasma plant<br />

sterol levels with no additional cholesterol lowering. J. Lipid Res., 45, 1493–1499.<br />

Codex Alimentarius Commission (2007a) Report <strong>of</strong> the Thirty-ninth Session <strong>of</strong> the Codex<br />

Committee on Food Additives, Beijing, China, 24–28 April. Rome, Italy, Food and<br />

Agriculture Organization <strong>of</strong> the United Nations (ALINORM 07/30/12 Rev.; http://<br />

www.codexalimentarius.net/web/archives.jsp?year=07).<br />

Codex Alimentarius Commission (2007b) Procedural manual, 17th ed. Rome, Italy, World<br />

Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization <strong>of</strong> the United Nations (http://<br />

www.fao.org/docrep/010/a1472e/a1472e00.htm).

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