Public Sector Governance and Accountability Series: Budgeting and ...

The Budget and Its Coverage 87
2. The exact proportions are not easy to estimate, because some EBF expenditures are in
fact internal financial transactions. When the accounting system does not fully preclude
duplicate accounting, as in many African countries, the real size of transactions
made through EBFs is lower than the recorded amount––by some margin that is
probably substantial but is impossible to determine without a costly dedicated exercise.
What is beyond dispute, however, is that EBF transactions in African countries add
up to an amount sufficiently large to generate substantial concern and to justify
policy and management attention.
3. This section is based largely on the original taxonomy by Hana Polackova, first outlined
in Polackova (1998) and then elaborated in her subsequent publications.
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