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200 Paul Boothe<br />

focuses on the accounting treatment of capital, we call this regime cash accounting.<br />

We call the regime in which capital is not expensed <strong>and</strong> depreciation is charged<br />

accrual accounting. This regime corresponds to what accountants sometimes call<br />

full accrual.<br />

5. For example, von Hagen, Hallett, <strong>and</strong> Strauch (2002) show that fiscal consolidations<br />

based on expenditure reductions are more likely to succeed than those based on<br />

revenue increases. This finding is confirmed for Canada in Boothe <strong>and</strong> Reid (2001).<br />

6. Proponents include Blanchard <strong>and</strong> Giavazzi (2003); Brunila, Buti, <strong>and</strong> Franco<br />

(2001); Buti, Eijffinger, <strong>and</strong> Franco (2002); Dur, Peletier, <strong>and</strong> Swank (1997); Robinson<br />

(1999); <strong>and</strong> Salinas (2002).<br />

7. Skeptics include Tanzi (2003) <strong>and</strong> Wynne (2003). Diamond (2002) is cautious in<br />

recommending the change to developing countries, which may not have the systems<br />

in place to support accrual accounting.<br />

8. As before, this could be easily thought of as a debt-to-gross domestic product rule.<br />

References<br />

Alesina, Alberto, <strong>and</strong> Roberto Perotti. 1999.“Budget Deficits <strong>and</strong> Budget Institutions.” In<br />

Fiscal Institutions <strong>and</strong> Fiscal Performance, ed. James Poterba <strong>and</strong> Jürgen von Hagen,<br />

13–36. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.<br />

Allen, Richard, <strong>and</strong> Daniel Tommasi, eds. 2001. Managing <strong>Public</strong> Expenditure: A Reference<br />

Book for Transition Countries. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation <strong>and</strong><br />

Development.<br />

Athukorala, S. Lakhsman, <strong>and</strong> Barry Reid. 2003. Accrual <strong>Budgeting</strong> <strong>and</strong> Accounting in Government<br />

<strong>and</strong> Its Relevance for Member Countries. Manila: Asian Development Bank.<br />

Balassone, Fabrizio, <strong>and</strong> Daniele Franco. 2001. “The SGP <strong>and</strong> the ‘Golden Rule.’” In The<br />

Stability <strong>and</strong> Growth Pact: The Architecture of Fiscal Policy in the EMU, ed. Anne<br />

Brunila, Marco Buti, <strong>and</strong> Daniele Franco, 371–93. Basingstoke, U.K.: Palgrave.<br />

Blanchard, Olivier, <strong>and</strong> Francesco Giavazzi. 2003.“Improving the SGP through a Proper<br />

Accounting of <strong>Public</strong> Investment.”CEPR Discussion Paper 4220, Centre for Economic<br />

Policy Research, London.<br />

Blejer, Mario, <strong>and</strong> Adrienne Cheasty. 1991.“The Measurement of Fiscal Deficits: Analytical<br />

<strong>and</strong> Methodological Issues.” Journal of Economic Literature 29 (4): 1644–78.<br />

Blöndal, Jón R. 2003. “Accrual Accounting <strong>and</strong> <strong>Budgeting</strong>: Key Issues <strong>and</strong> Recent<br />

Developments.” OECD Journal on <strong>Budgeting</strong> 3 (1): 43–60.<br />

Boothe, Paul. 2004. “Accounting Regimes <strong>and</strong> Fiscal Rules.” In <strong>Public</strong> Debt, ed. Danielle<br />

Franco, 315–32. Rome: Banca d’Italia.<br />

Boothe, Paul, <strong>and</strong> Bradford Reid, eds. 2001. Deficit Reduction in the Far West. Edmonton:<br />

University of Alberta Press.<br />

Brunila, Anne, Marco Buti, <strong>and</strong> Daniele Franco, eds. 2001. The Stability <strong>and</strong> Growth Pact:<br />

The Architecture of Fiscal Policy in the EMU. Basingstoke, U.K.: Palgrave.<br />

Buti, Marco, Sylvester Eijffinger, <strong>and</strong> Daniele Franco. 2002. “Revisiting the Stability <strong>and</strong><br />

Growth Pact: Gr<strong>and</strong> Design or Internal Adjustment?”CEPR Discussion Paper 3692,<br />

Centre for Economic Policy Research, London.<br />

Diamond, Jack. 2002. “Performance <strong>Budgeting</strong>—Is Accrual Accounting Required?” IMF<br />

Working Paper 02/240, International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC.

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