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biblioteca di studi di filologia moderna – 10 - Firenze University Press

biblioteca di studi di filologia moderna – 10 - Firenze University Press

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160<br />

sandro melani<br />

autoaffermazione e <strong>di</strong> riscatto, hanno comunque fatto sentire la loro voce<br />

e offerto così una testimonianza del loro modo <strong>di</strong> essere e del loro mondo,<br />

si trattasse <strong>di</strong> un poeta come Wildred owen o <strong>di</strong> narratori come christopher<br />

isherwood con i suoi romanzi berlinesi imme<strong>di</strong>atamente posteriori<br />

allo scoppio della seconda guerra mon<strong>di</strong>ale o come J.r. ackerley con<br />

i suoi We Think the World of You (1960) e My Father and Myself (1968).<br />

i confini del canone si ampliano a <strong>di</strong>smisura se chi intende configurarlo<br />

adotta la posizione, in tutto e per tutto antitetica a quella propugnata<br />

dai costruzionisti, assunta dagli essenzialisti o tra<strong>di</strong>zionalisti, tra le cui<br />

file milita rictor norton 21 :<br />

i cannot reasonably object <strong>–</strong> scrive norton <strong>–</strong> if critics wish to label<br />

me an ‘essentialist’ pure and simple because i believe that homosexuals<br />

are born and not made, and that homosexuality is hard-wired. However,<br />

i also believe that queers fashion their own culture (using their<br />

own resources rather than being imposed upon by society), and this is<br />

a significant focus of my own version of essentialism, which might be<br />

called ‘queer cultural essentialism’. i take the view that there is a core<br />

of queer desire that is transcultural, transnational, and transhistorical,<br />

a queer essence that is innate, congenital, constitutional, stable or<br />

fixed in its basic pattern. However i <strong>di</strong>stinguish between queer persons,<br />

queer sexual acts and behaviour, and queer social interactions,<br />

and try not to confuse the constancy of the desire with the variability<br />

of its expression. Personal queer identity arises from within, and<br />

is then consolidated along lines suggested by the collective identity of<br />

the queer (sub)culture 22 .<br />

secondo norton, in sintesi, «queer desire is innate but […] it expresses<br />

itself in sexual or social actions and (sub)cultures that may reflect to a<br />

greater or lesser degree the time and place in which they occur». le prove<br />

fornite dalla storia, a suo parere, in<strong>di</strong>cano da una parte che la forma data<br />

all’identità e alla cultura omosessuali è opera più della ‘repressione’ che<br />

della ‘costruzione’ e dall’altra che con l’avvento della modernità le occasioni<br />

per esprimere il desiderio omosessuale si sono certamente ridotte,<br />

ma la natura del desiderio è rimasta identica a se stessa. sono cambiate<br />

soltanto le sue manifestazioni contingenti, che nel corso della storia e nel<br />

passaggio da una cultura a un’altra sono state represse o liberate in varia<br />

forma e misura:<br />

When one man says to another i love you more than anyone else<br />

in the world, it means exactly the same thing whether it is uttered<br />

by the sophisticated twentieth-century american literary critic f. o.<br />

matthiesen, or by the seventeenth-century Japanese samurai mashida<br />

toyo-noshin, or by the fifteenth-century dutch scholar erasmus, or by<br />

the eleventh-century saint anselm, or by the second-century emperor<br />

marcus aurelius. The love of one man for another is the fixed root or<br />

core value upon which a gay identity is constructed within historical

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