BSA Flow Software Installation and User's Guide - CSI

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Resampling Sample-Hold Even with very high data rate the upper frequency of the calculated spectrum is limited, since the measured velocities are averaged over the time it takes for the seeding particle to cross the measuring volume, and the transit time thus limits the upper frequency. For most LDA experiments the latter is no problem, since normally this upper limit is well above the highest frequency of interest. To reduce calculation time, the Fourier transformations in (7-67) are implemented using Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT). These algorithms require the discrete samples to be evenly distributed in time, and the process of converting the discrete representation of the time history record into an evenly spaced time history record with constant interarrival times is called resampling. Several methods for resampling have been suggested, and [Schmidt (1997)] recommends the use of either sample/hold interpolation or exponential interpolation by [Høst Madsen & Caspersen (1995)]. Sample/hold interpolation is the most wide-spread of the two, and also the easiest to implement: { uresamp() t u( ti)| ( tit ti) } = ≤ < +1 (7-71) As shown in Figure 7-83, the sampled velocity is simply assumed to be constant until a new sample indicates that the velocity has changed. U(t) True velocity Sample/Hold velocity ti - ti-1 = Random time between true samples True sample (burst) Resample ∆t = Fixed time between resamples Figure 7-83 Random sampling, sample/hold and resampling. The sampled and held signal is resampled at regular intervals to provide a series of evenly distributed velocity samples. This simple approach presents two immediate problems both shown in Figure 7-83. If two neighboring true samples are further apart than the time between resamples, the first one will be resampled several times although no new information about the flow is available. If on the other hand there is more than one true sample in the time between two resamples, the information contained in all but the last one will be lost, since the resampling always take the value of the latest true sample. 7-126 BSA Flow Software: Reference guide t
Low pass filtering & Step noise Obviously these phenomena depend on both the resampling frequency and the time between true samples. While the former is a matter of choice, the latter must be calculated from the probability distribution of seeding particle arrivals as discussed in section 0 below. With respect to the calculation of spectra, [Adrian & Yao (1987)] show the presence of two other phenomena associated with the sample and hold approach: • The sample and hold process acts like a first-order low pass filter attenuating the spectrum at frequencies above &n 2π . • The sample and hold process introduce white noise, so-called step noise, over the entire frequency range of the calculated spectrum. The low pass filtering is caused by the information loss that occurs during the hold periods, and the step noise is created by the random steps that occur when new samples arrive. Note that according to [Adrian & Yao (1987)] the step noise is itself low pass filtered above f= n&2π . Resampling frequency Poisson process The homogeneous, but random distribution of seeding particles in the fluid results in particle arrivals following a Poisson process: ( , ∆ ) Pk t = ( n& t) k ∆ −n& ∆t k! e (7-72) -describing the probability P of k particle arrivals within the period ∆t, when the average datarate is &n particles per second. Actually the datarate &n is not constant, but depends on the instantaneous velocity (see velocity biasing on page 7-99), but except for highly turbulent flows (7-72) will be a good approximation to the true probability distribution. With the resampling frequency chosen as c times the average datarate of the original samples, we get: ∆t= 1 cn& ⇔ n& ∆t= 1 c ( ) Inserting this in (7-72) we can calculate the probability of true samples (particle arrivals) during each of the resampling time slots of duration ∆t: ( 0) P e 1 c = − ( > 1) = 1− ( 0) − ( 1) = 1− ( 1+ 1 ) (No new particle arrivals) −1 c P P P c e (Several new particle arrivals) BSA Flow Software:Reference guide 7-127
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BSA Flow Software Version 4.10 Inst
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1. General 1.1 Table of Contents 1.
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5.5 Optical Calibrated LDA System p
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7.2.1 Basic principles of phase Dop
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1.2 Dantec Dynamics Licence Agreeme
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1.3 Laser safety All equipment usin
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2. Introduction Congratulations wit
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2.1.9 Analog Monitor Option 2.1.10
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2.3.4 Trouble shooting 2.3.5 On-lin
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3. Installation 3.1 General 3.1.1 P
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Directory structure CPU usage will
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3.2.2 Installation as administrator
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You have the possibility to define
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Click Next and select the add-ons y
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Peer-to-peer connection Processor s
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Click on the Download tab to get th
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The BSA processor will restart. Thi
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• If the Game controller needs to
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Figure 3-2 National Instruments Mea
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3.7 Third party traverse system To
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4. The user interface 4.1 Layout Me
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4. If the mouse pointer was in the
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4.3 Project explorer shortcuts to t
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Figure 4-5 Dialog for adding object
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Using Templates To make a Template,
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4.6 The tool bar Figure 4-6 the pro
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Save As... Figure 4-10 the File men
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Figure 4-11 Save As compressed proj
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Figure 4-14 the Properties - Summar
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Figure 4-18 The Select Position dia
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Options With the Options you get a
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When Enable error logging is checke
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The fourth format, Significant Digi
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The PDA Optical Configuration objec
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4.7.7 Help menu Figure 4-34 The Hel
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4.9 Message window • by clicking
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PM and Bragg cell connections Warni
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LDA and PDA transmitting optics The
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Click on OK. Note For fully opaque
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In the third step, the software con
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Lightweight Traverse with handbox C
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57G15 Traverse interface Third part
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• right-click the Traverse Server
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4. This brings up the following dia
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To change a setting, click in the V
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Figure 4-39 System monitor in auto-
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14. You have now completed data acq
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4. Check the Show System Monitor wh
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. 8. LDA 1 properties are specific
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11. To monitor the Doppler signals,
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The axes will automatically rescale
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Click Acquire. If a complete new re
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Define the positions that you want
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Select the type of the files to ope
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5. Project explorer objects 5.1 Sta
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Browse to the file you wish to impo
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For each column, the data type must
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5.3.1 Output properties Figure 5-4
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Figure 5-7 The Custom… dialog und
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Figure 5-8 BSA F/P 30: processor pr
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Max. acquisition time: The maximum
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Normal user interface Advanced user
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Figure 5-11 The Bragg cell connecto
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LDA 1, 2, . properties: Range and g
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5.3.4 System monitor It frequently
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Scope: Burst spectrum display Recor
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Overlaid Graphs: used to show the b
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Uncheck the Use default bindings bo
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The calibration data are stored in
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5.6.1 PDA beam system The Beam syst
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Figure 5-24: Fringe direction setti
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5.6.4 Medium properties Medium name
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Software max. limit in mm.: Self ex
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The default address of the National
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Traverse coordinates of a datum poi
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5.7.8 Traverse Mesh generator If yo
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Regions Figure 5-39 Motion pattern,
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Warning Please observe strict secur
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5.9 Export Figure 5-40 Data-sources
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If multiple positions are exported
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5.9.3 Selected columns 5.9.4 Binary
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Data C Headers Programming Examples
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char filename[256] = {0}; strcpy(fi
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Range means that the filter will ap
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5.11.1 Data Properties Note that th
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Figure 5-54. Size histogram (left)
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Figure 5-57. Velocity distribution
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Figure 5-58 list output of 1D PDA d
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The next selection in the context m
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5.13.2 Objects under Merge object A
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N−1 Mean u ∑ ηiui = i= 0 N−1
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Cross-moments The property Cross-mo
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The calculation of ε fails if Umea
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Figure 5-71 General properties of t
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An alternative geometry of a 3D LDA
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Figure 5-75: FiberPDA phase plot. A
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5.16.3 Display properties The defau
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The output quantities of the diamet
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6. Options and Add-ons This chapter
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6.1 Advanced Graphics Add-on The ma
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Figure 6-2 The Tools-Options-Output
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Figure 6-5 Scale properties for 2D
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Property group ‘Display’ Also t
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6.1.3 2D Plot [m/s] 36 34 32 The 2D
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6.1.4 2D Histogram For off-line use
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Configuring the 2D Histogram The co
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Configuring the 3D Plot Figure 6-21
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Figure 6-23 “Interpolate bin” s
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Property group ‘Data’ Figure 6-
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Coordinate shown on Intercepts the
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LDA1-Mean [m/ s] -2,00 -3,00 -4,00
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Figure 6-32 Properties of the Vecto
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Figure 6-33 shows a velocity vector
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6.1.9 Exporting plots Copying a plo
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6.2 Synchronisation Option 6.2.1 In
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Pin Signal Pin Signal 1 Out 1 14 Gr
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6.2.5 Sync. Output Signals properti
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Outputs Figure 6-40 Differential sy
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Figure 6-42 Cyclic phenomena in the
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Cycle length The property Cycle len
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It allows to define the number of b
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Note It is not possible to have 0 a
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Figure 6-47: Output data from the c
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performed prior to phase sorting yo
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Figure 6-51 Properties of the spect
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Blocking Using the FFT-approach to
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1,2 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 Weight fact
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Output from the Spectrum object The
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6.4.2 Advanced Spectrum object Load
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To evaluate the new algorithm, comp
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6.4.3 Correlation object Conclusion
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20 16 12 8 4 0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
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Time The first column of the output
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The Protocol Figure 6-67: Generic t
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How to Use the Initialisation Strin
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Figure 6-69: Traverse File option i
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Properties Output from MATLAB engin
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Result window Script Hides and disp
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6.6.2 Calculation object from to
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Tip To combine calculated data and
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max var. max of all arguments sum v
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6.7.3 Software set-up Once A/D-hard
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Figure 6-76 BSA F/P application win
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6.7.7 Analog input specifications J
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6.8.1 Installation 6.8.2 Hardware c
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Figure 6-85 BSA F/P application win
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6.9.1 Required hardware 6.9.2 Calib
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2. Select Parameter Input 3. The fo
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B. Select Advanced Curve fitting an
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6.10 Mobile system Monitor option T
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7. Reference guide 7.1 Theory of La
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Doppler effect d0 R(z) Figure 7-1 L
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es e2 e1 U Figure 7-3 Scattering of
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Measuring volume proportional to pa
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Laser fI Beam splitter As indicated
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7.1.6 Frequency shift • Reduce th
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As long as the particle velocity do
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7.1.7 Signals The primary result of
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7.1.8 Seeding Seeding as flow field
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150 90 180 0 180 0 180 0 210 120 24
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7.2 Theory of Phase Doppler Anemome
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D is the particle diameter. βi is
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For reflection (Equation 7-16) The
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Figure 7-21: The effect of changing
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This is the principle of the spheri
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The trajectory effect The slit effe
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Figure 7-28:The DualPDA as a combin
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Figure 7-31: Reflection and refract
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Characteristic scattering angles At
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⎛ ϕ ⎞ ϕ2 = 4arcsin⎜ ⎟ −
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Figure 7-36: The critical angle con
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Using side scatter (reflected light
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Mask Front Lens Eye-piece Spatial f
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Alignment of the eyepiece The focus
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This is often not necessary in 1D a
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For both orientations of polarizati
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Figure 7-46. The effect of changing
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Table of characteristic angles Defi
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n rel ϕ c1 ϕ b0 ϕ c2 ϕ b2 ϕ r2
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Choice of wavelength Choice of mask
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Choice of wavelength and focal leng
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Choice of polarization Choice of sc
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Focal length Transmitter (FiberFlow
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Polarization ring Fixing screw Push
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Page 379 and 380: Disconnect the receiving fiber V1 f
Page 381 and 382: Step by step procedure Phase-Dopple
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Page 387 and 388: 7.7.4 Air bubble in freon Character
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Page 391 and 392: 7.7.8 Glass sphere in water Charact
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Page 399 and 400: 7.9 Moments (one-time statistics) 7
Page 401 and 402: 1 = N Mean D mean ui (7-31) N ∑
Page 403 and 404: Software implementation Updating me
Page 405 and 406: u v 2 2 = = ∑ ∑ tU tV 2 2 − 2
Page 407 and 408: (histogram properties). ni is the n
Page 409 and 410: volume is calculated for the class
Page 411 and 412: D30 The volume mean diameter is cal
Page 413 and 414: Three further factors are however i
Page 415 and 416: d e ln 2 max 2 V do ∗ Vt = ( 7-48
Page 417 and 418: Diameter bins The number of diamete
Page 419 and 420: Trajectory dependent detection area
Page 421 and 422: Corrected particle Max d e ( Di ) C
Page 423 and 424: Integral time-scale τI Definition
Page 425: The mean values of u(t) and v(t) ar
Page 429 and 430: fc ≡ t 1 2 ∆ If the true signal
Page 431 and 432: Estimator bias Estimator variance S
Page 433 and 434: -again S’(f) is used to distingui
Page 435 and 436: Zero padding Often the sampling per
Page 437: As an example the Hanning window is
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Page 442 and 443: 8.2.2 Peer-to-Peer Configuration Co
Page 444 and 445: . High Voltage or Figure 8-3: Calib
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Page 448 and 449: Gaussain beam effect The following
Page 450 and 451: To check for connection, right-clic
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BSA Flow Software Installation and User's Guide - CSI

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