LIVE POLIO IRUS VACCINES

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Spread of Vaccine Strain of Poliovirus in Southern Louisiana Communities 155 polioviruses, J. Am. M. Assn. 170: 2039- 2048, 1959. 13. Benyesh-Melnick, M., Melnick, J. L., and Ramos Alvarez, M.: Poliomyelitis infection rate among Mexican children fed attenuated poliovirus vaccines. In: Live Poliovirus Vaccines. First International Conference. Scient. Pub. no. 44 of the Pan American Health Organization, pp. 272-285, 1959. 14. Fodor, A. R., Schaeffer, M., and Hall, A.: Inhibiting effect of wild Type 2 poliovirus during immunization with attenuated live virus vaccine. Bacteriological Proceedings, Society of American Bacteriologists. (May 1960). In press.
DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN ZHDANOV: The paper presented by Dr. Gelfand is open for discussion. DR. PAUL: This very fine paper by Dr. Fox and Dr. Gelfand brings up some points that hardly need discussion. However, as there will be other studies of this kind done in various types of communities, perhaps the point that Dr. Cabasso mentioned earlier deserves re-emphasis, namely, that there should be a certain degree of standardization if we are going to compare results of one study with another. For instance, I note that in Dr. Fox's study, individuals with neutralizing antibody levels of less than 1:32 were considered susceptibles. This is not exactly the level that some others have used. Also, to be considered is the optimal time for measuring the antibody level after monovalent or trivalent poliovaccine has been given, because the antibody level will go up slighly in the population as time goes on, and in some cases it will also go down. DR. GELFAND: The use of 1:32 as a break-off point in our study was chosen because this population had received a variable number of Salk vaccine inoculations, and we had to choose some arbitrary point to make a presumption of natural susceptibility, or natural immunity. Based on a mean sort of response to Salk vaccine, this seemed to be a reasonable break-off point. This was not chosen with any biologic knowledge of what is a proper place to decide immunity or lack of it, but because some children had none, some had up to four Salk shots. DR. DICK: I should like to discuss Dr. Gelfand's observation that infections resulting through contact are frequently abortive, probably because of transmission of a minimum effective dose. I think it is important to remember that this refers to Sabin's Type 3 virus. With Type 2 virus, the position seems to be quite different. We have been titrating in babies a fecal filtrate from a child fed with Sabin Type 2 virus. The amount of virus excreted after a 156 feeding of a fecal filtrate of 10 TCDo,, is in the region of 6 or 7 logs per gram of stool, which can go on over a period of up to at least 21 days. Now, of course, there are two differences here: first, the type of virus, and second, the age of the children whom we studied, who were between 6 and 16 months. DR. HORSTMANN: In support of Dr. Gelfand's comment that dosage is probably important in determining the character of contact infection with the Sabin Type 3 strain, I might mention experiments with this strain in a different type of population, that is, in an institutionalized population of retarded individuals, an environment in which fecal contamination was very great. Here, the contact infection rate was 100 per cent and the contacts in this situation, presumably having been exposed to large doses, when infected excreted virus over a long period of time, in the same manner as did the vaccinees themselves. So, using the same strain under different epidemiological circumstances, in which maximum dosage was acquired by the contacts, there was no difference between the duration of virus excretion by vaccinees or contacts. DR. MELNICK: Dr. Gelfand has commented on the lack of interference between the natural enteroviruses and the Type 3 vaccine which was fed. It should be pointed out that he used a dose about 100 times that used in previous studies, in which interference had been found. Dr. Gelfand also told me about some observations in families, which indicated that interference might well have played a role in their study. I wonder if he would care to comment on this at this time? DR. GELFAND: Dr. Melnick's question is somewhat embarrassing. As frequently happens, I am sure, collaborators can sometimes disagree slightly in interpretation. I was reading the manuscript prepared by Dr. Fox and we disagree on some minor points, one of which is the possible role of interference in our study.
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LIVE POLIO IRUS VACCINES Papers Pre
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SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
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Preface The accumulation of informa
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Page 6. Vaccination of Full-Term In
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Page 23. Vaccination against Poliom
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Dr. Ghislain COURTOIS Director, Pri
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Dr. Edith PETTE Institute for the R
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4 Introductory Remarks 4 Introducto
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- 26 Safety-Laboratory Evidence of
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN ANDERSON: There
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30 Discussion CHAIRMAN ANDERSON: Th
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32 TABLE 1. Safety-Laboratory Evide
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40 Discussion Of the 22 monkeys inf
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN ANDERSON: Thank
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46 Discussion a paralytic case. Thi
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48 Discussion + - + + I + - I + + 1
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50 Discussion sages of neurovirulen
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Application of Genetic Markers to D
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Discussion 67 TABLE 1. INCIDENCE OF
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Experimental Studies on Animals wit
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6. DETECTION OF A "NON-DETECTABLE"
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Detection of a "Non-Detectable" Sim
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Discussion 87 Dr. Koprowski's state
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Discussion 89 recognize its effects
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Laboratory Investigations of Attenu
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Discussion 99 In the case of Table
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8. BEHAVIOR OF COLD MUTANTS OF POLI
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Behavior of Cold Mutants of Poliovi
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Discussion 205 Discussion 205 tried
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NOTE: The Spanish translation of th
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Vaccination of Pregnant Women and Y
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Development and Persistence of Poli
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Virologic, Serologic Investigations
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_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Virologic, Serologi
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cARE NUC:4I Discussion 267 CUAw # J
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Discussion 269 in the investigation
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Virological Findings, Antibody Resp
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4. ROUTINE IMMUNIZATION WITH ATTENU
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Routine Immunization With Attenuate
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Experimental Infectionwith CHATAtte
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Experimental Infection with CHATAtt
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Experimental Infection with CHATAtt
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Vaccination of Full-Term Infants wi
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Response of Newborn Infants to Vacc
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Susceptibility of Newborn Infants t
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9. IMMUNIZATION OF NEWBORN INFANTS
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Immunization of Newborn Infants wit
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Discussion 323 vaccinated siblings
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Discussion 325 Discussion 325 ance
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transplacental antibodies, or antib
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Discussion 329 Discussion 329 born
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Recent Experience with Lederle Triv
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11. FURTHER EXPERIENCES WITH ORAL P
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Further Experiences with Oral Polio
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Minnesota Studies with Oral Poliomy
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13. USE OF ATTENUATED LIVE POLIOVIR
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Use of Attenuated Live Poliovirus V
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Use of Attenuated Live Poliovirus V
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN LÉPINE: The tw
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Discussion 373 -~~~~~~ics o 7 domin
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Discussion 375 -~ ~~~~isuso 7 DR. C
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i 14. EFFECTS OF RAPID MASS IMMUNIZ
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Live Poliovirus Immunization-Condit
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Use of Sabin's Live Poliovirus Vacc
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- Use of Sabin's Live Poliovirus Va
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TABLE 14. Use of Sabin's Live Polio
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Discussion 411 DR. ANDERSON: My que
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Course of Mass Immunization in USSR
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, _ _ Course of Mass Immunization i
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN LÉPINE: Thank
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Discussion 431 DR. STUART-HARRIS: I
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436 Efficacy-Field Evidence TABLE 1
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438 Efficacy-Field Evidence Adminis
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444 Effcaey-Field Evidence 44 Efiay
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446 Efficacy-Field Evidence 446 Eff
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448 Efficacy-Field Evidence 448 lEf
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450 Efficacy-Field Evidence m Co 0
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452 Efficacy-Field Evidence ] ~~ ~
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454 Efficacy-Field Evidence It is n
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456 Efficacy-Field Evidence M.G. C
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458 Discussion 458 Discussion~~~~~~
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460 460 Discussion Discussion~~~~~~
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462 Discussion one was sponsored by
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Vaccination with CHAT Strain Type 1
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Live Virus Vaccine Studies in South
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Discussion 481 the ages of the five
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Immunological and Epidemiological E
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Further Observations on First Field
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Further Observations Qn First Field
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Further Observations on First FielJ
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Poliomyelitis Vaccination in Poland
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24. A SMALL-SCALE TRIAL WITH LIVE P
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Live Poliomyelitis Vaccine-Small-Sc
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25. VACCINATION AND CHALLENGE-POLIO
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Vaccination and Challenge-Poliomyel
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26. VACCINATION WITH ATTENUATED POL
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Vaccination with Attenuated Poliovi
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Discussion 575 ence last year. The
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Large-Scale Practical Trials, Use o
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594 Discussion 594 Disenísion ~ ~
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596 Discussion 596 Díscussion~~~~~
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598 Discussion 598 Discussion high
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602 Summary of the Conference 602 S
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Appendix The following letter was r
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608 Index Antibodies-continued half
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610 Index Bulychev, N. P., paper, 4
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612 Index Coxsackie--continued B-3
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614 Index Epidemics-continued intro
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616 Index Genetic stability-continu
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618 Index Infants-continued source
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620 Index Laboratory surveillance d
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622 Index Monkey neurovirulence, 95
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624 Index pH neutralization test, 6
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626 Index Poliomyelitis virus-conti
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628 Index Serological response-cont
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630 Index T marker-continued T- str
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632 Index Vaccine, Attenuated-conti
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634 Index Virus isolations and anti
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