LIVE POLIO IRUS VACCINES

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Studies on Live Poliovirus Vaccine in Japan 201 REFERENCES 1. Kitaoka, M.: Epidemiology and control of poliomyelitis in Japan. Fifteenth General Meeting. Jap. M. Sci. 2: 441-453, 1959. 2. Sabin, A. B.: Present position of immunization against poliomyelitis with live virus vaccine. Brit. M. J. 1: 663-680, 1959. 3. Koprowski, H.: Live poliomyelitis vaccine. Brit. M. J. 1: 1349-1350, 1959. 4. Cabasso, V. J., Jervis, G. A., Moyer, A. W., Roca-García, M., Orsi, E. V., and Cox, H. R.: Cumulative testing experience with consecutive lots of oral poliomyelitis vaccine. Brit. M. J. 1: 373-387, 1960. 5. Pan American Health Organization: Live Poliovirus Vaccine, First International Conference, Washington, D. C., 1959. Scient. Pub. no. 44. 6. Koprowski, H., Norton, Thomas W., Wecker, Eberhard and Gard, Sven: Genetic markers and serological identity of wild and attenuated strains of Type 1 poliovirus, with special emphasis on strains of virus isolated from patients during an epidemic in the Belgian Congo. Bull. World Health Org. 22: 243-253, 1960; Sabin, A. B.: Live poliovirus vaccine. WHO Chron. 14: 137-142, 1960. 7. Melnick, J. L., Benyesh-Melnick, M., and Brennan, J. C.: Studies on live poliovirus vaccine. J. Am. M. Assn. 171: 1165-1172, 1959. 8. Takemori, N.: Studies on the mutations of polioviruses in tissue culture. Fifteenth General Meeting. Jap. M. Sci. 1: 156-160, 1959.
DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN GEAR: Thank you, Dr. Kitaoka. The last four papers presented, including the last two of the third session, are now open for discussion. Dr. Dick. Dr. DICK: I should like to ask Dr. Gard and Dr. Kimball a question. First, would Dr. Gard please give us more details of the monkey non-neurovirulent virus isolated from the paralytic patient? I should like to know whether the virus was recovered from cord, or from the stool of the patient. Second, I should like to ask Dr. Kimball if she has obtained any titrations to support her statement that Salk vaccination does not affect virus excretion. "Salk vaccination" I take to mean the use of a potent vaccine given in three injections properly spaced. DR. KIMBALL: These children had vaccine over a long period of time. We have no measure at all of the potency of the Salk vaccine used. We had numerous children in this study of Salk vaccination, who had no antibodies so I cannot speak at all for the potency of the vaccine. We only take the record of the vaccine that the children have had; then, if they do have antibodies, we feel that we cannot determine whether the antibodies are natural or Salk-induced. The Salk vaccine was, in general, reasonably recent because this study was done in 1958 and the children were all quite young. DR. GARD: With reference to the non-neurovirulent strains isolated from paralytic cases, my first personal experience was with virus isolated as early as 1935. It was a case described by Dr. Carl Kling, the first study published on the inapparent infection in monkeys. The material under study was lymph nodes. It was greatly disputed at the time, although I think his critics have come around later and have admitted that inapparent infections in monkeys may occur. Be that as it may, later, on at least two occasion, we have had isolations of virus from one 202 lethal case and one paralytic case, and isolations from stool, where virus identified as poliovirus in neutralization tests did grow in tissue culture but failed to bring down one monkey inoculated with each strain of virus. DR. BELL: I should like to comment on Dr. Gard's observation on the spread of polio infection from children less than two years of age, as contrasted with the spread from older children. With respiratory spread diseases, namely, pertussis, rubeola, and varicella, we find that the spread in families tends to be toward the same age groups. For example, if a school-age child brings it into the household, then the exposed susceptible school-age children are most likely infected, whereas the child in the crib and other very young children are the least likely to be infected. Dr. Gard's data indicate a different pattern of spread for polio infection. I wonder if Dr. Gard has made allowances for the age of the contacts who are exposed to the infected child? DR. GARD: I should not say that we have made any observations of such large numbers that we should like to generalize. I shall merely mention one case where our index child was a boy 11 months old, who happened to be a twin. The two twin brothers spent the whole day together in a playpen. There were two older boys in the family, one aged three and the other five. During the observation period, which lasted about 12 weeks-that was the time the index child continued to excrete virus-we could never isolate any virus from the twin brother, but we did isolate virus from the two older children. It was first isolated from the three-year-old brother who had developed a special affection for that particular twin,-the index child-and who used to pick him up out of the pen and hug him. One week later, virus was isolated from the five-year-old brother. On other occasions, however, we have observed, in connection with index children of about two,
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LIVE POLIO IRUS VACCINES Papers Pre
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SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
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Preface The accumulation of informa
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Page 6. Vaccination of Full-Term In
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Page 23. Vaccination against Poliom
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Dr. Ghislain COURTOIS Director, Pri
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Dr. Edith PETTE Institute for the R
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4 Introductory Remarks 4 Introducto
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6 General Considerations immunity a
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8 General Considerations from accep
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10 General Considerations 10 Genera
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14 Safety-Laboratory Evidence of At
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- 26 Safety-Laboratory Evidence of
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN ANDERSON: There
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30 Discussion CHAIRMAN ANDERSON: Th
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32 TABLE 1. Safety-Laboratory Evide
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40 Discussion Of the 22 monkeys inf
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN ANDERSON: Thank
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46 Discussion a paralytic case. Thi
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48 Discussion + - + + I + - I + + 1
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50 Discussion sages of neurovirulen
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Application of Genetic Markers to D
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Discussion 67 TABLE 1. INCIDENCE OF
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Experimental Studies on Animals wit
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6. DETECTION OF A "NON-DETECTABLE"
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Detection of a "Non-Detectable" Sim
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Discussion 87 Dr. Koprowski's state
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Discussion 89 recognize its effects
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Laboratory Investigations of Attenu
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Discussion 99 In the case of Table
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8. BEHAVIOR OF COLD MUTANTS OF POLI
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Behavior of Cold Mutants of Poliovi
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN BURNET: Thank y
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114 Safety-Field Evidence of Safety
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118 S afety-Field Evidence of S af
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122 Discussion 122 Discussion~~~~~~
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10. LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS OF TH
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126 VIRUS 1 MAhONEY Safety-Field Ev
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128 Safety-Field Evidence óf Safet
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN ZHDANOV: This p
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11. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND VIROLOGICAL
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12. SPREAD OF A VACCINE STRAIN OF P
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148 Saf ety-Field Evidence of Saf e
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Virologic, Serologic Investigations
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_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Virologic, Serologi
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cARE NUC:4I Discussion 267 CUAw # J
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Discussion 269 in the investigation
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Virological Findings, Antibody Resp
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4. ROUTINE IMMUNIZATION WITH ATTENU
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Routine Immunization With Attenuate
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Experimental Infectionwith CHATAtte
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Experimental Infection with CHATAtt
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Experimental Infection with CHATAtt
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Vaccination of Full-Term Infants wi
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Response of Newborn Infants to Vacc
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Susceptibility of Newborn Infants t
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9. IMMUNIZATION OF NEWBORN INFANTS
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Immunization of Newborn Infants wit
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Discussion 323 vaccinated siblings
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Discussion 325 Discussion 325 ance
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transplacental antibodies, or antib
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Discussion 329 Discussion 329 born
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Recent Experience with Lederle Triv
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11. FURTHER EXPERIENCES WITH ORAL P
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Further Experiences with Oral Polio
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Minnesota Studies with Oral Poliomy
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13. USE OF ATTENUATED LIVE POLIOVIR
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Use of Attenuated Live Poliovirus V
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Use of Attenuated Live Poliovirus V
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN LÉPINE: The tw
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Discussion 373 -~~~~~~ics o 7 domin
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Discussion 375 -~ ~~~~isuso 7 DR. C
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i 14. EFFECTS OF RAPID MASS IMMUNIZ
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Live Poliovirus Immunization-Condit
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Use of Sabin's Live Poliovirus Vacc
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- Use of Sabin's Live Poliovirus Va
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TABLE 14. Use of Sabin's Live Polio
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Discussion 411 DR. ANDERSON: My que
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Course of Mass Immunization in USSR
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, _ _ Course of Mass Immunization i
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN LÉPINE: Thank
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Discussion 431 DR. STUART-HARRIS: I
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436 Efficacy-Field Evidence TABLE 1
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438 Efficacy-Field Evidence Adminis
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444 Effcaey-Field Evidence 44 Efiay
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446 Efficacy-Field Evidence 446 Eff
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448 Efficacy-Field Evidence 448 lEf
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450 Efficacy-Field Evidence m Co 0
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452 Efficacy-Field Evidence ] ~~ ~
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454 Efficacy-Field Evidence It is n
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456 Efficacy-Field Evidence M.G. C
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460 460 Discussion Discussion~~~~~~
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462 Discussion one was sponsored by
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Vaccination with CHAT Strain Type 1
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Live Virus Vaccine Studies in South
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Discussion 481 the ages of the five
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Immunological and Epidemiological E
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN STUART-HARRIS:
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Further Observations on First Field
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Poliomyelitis Vaccination in Poland
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25. VACCINATION AND CHALLENGE-POLIO
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Vaccination and Challenge-Poliomyel
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Discussion 575 ence last year. The
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594 Discussion 594 Disenísion ~ ~
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596 Discussion 596 Díscussion~~~~~
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598 Discussion 598 Discussion high
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602 Summary of the Conference 602 S
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Appendix The following letter was r
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608 Index Antibodies-continued half
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610 Index Bulychev, N. P., paper, 4
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612 Index Coxsackie--continued B-3
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614 Index Epidemics-continued intro
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616 Index Genetic stability-continu
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618 Index Infants-continued source
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620 Index Laboratory surveillance d
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622 Index Monkey neurovirulence, 95
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624 Index pH neutralization test, 6
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626 Index Poliomyelitis virus-conti
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628 Index Serological response-cont
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630 Index T marker-continued T- str
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632 Index Vaccine, Attenuated-conti
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634 Index Virus isolations and anti
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LIVE POLIO IRUS VACCINES

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