LIVE POLIO IRUS VACCINES

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"""lliiiiirmlilrrmiiiiiiiii iiiii,,.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,~~~... 1...1., ....... TOPIC II. SAFETY. (B) FIELD EVIDENCE OF SAFETY (continuation) 15. FIELD AND LABORATORY EXPERIENCES WITH THE CHAT STRAIN TYPE 1 POLIOVIRUS* SVEN GARD The Department of Virus Research, Karolinska Institutet Medical School, and the State Bacteriological Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden DR. GARD: At the First International Conference on Live Poliovirus Vaccines a brief report 1 on a Swedish small-scale field trial with the CHAT strain Type 1 virus was presented. This trial was initiated in November 1957 with participation of 20 volunteer families. A second test vaccination of 107 families was performed in the winter of 1958-59. In 1959-60, finally, three separate controlled studies have been conducted and, in addition, less rigidly controlled group vaccinations have been carried out. A total of about 1.000 persons have now been vaccinated. A detailed report of our various findings will be presented elsewhere. I should mention, however, or point out, that we have applied live virus only under cover of a previous basic serologic immunity produced by administration of inactivated vaccine. A dose of 106 TCID 50 was used throughout. In 275 persons without pre-existing natural immunity this dose never failed to produce infection. It should be pointed out, however, that in more than 2500 stool specimens from about 750 persons participating in the various projects non-polio viruses were encountered on two occasions only, one enterovirus and one adenovirus. Apparently, therefore, the experiments were conducted in the absence of interference. All feedings were done in the period January through April. * This work was supported by grants from the Swedish Society against Poliomyelitis. 187 In the present connection, I will touch on two aspects of the use of live virus vaccine. The first concerns spread of virus to contacts. Spread of virus to contacts. It was previously reported 1 that, in the first trial, a spread of virus to susceptible family contacts occurred mainly from vaccinees less than two years old. Of 12 children below the age of two years, seven were spreaders as against none of seven children above that age. In the subsequent trial all index children were four years old; of 63 children with susceptible family contacts only three became spreaders. In 1960 two separate studies of this question were conducted. In one trial2 two comparable groups were included. Among 32 families with index children less than two years old spread of virus occurred on 13 occasions, whereas only one instance of contact infection was observed in 30 families with index children above the age of two years. The results summarized in Table 1 indicate that the young children cause contact infections more than 10 times as often as the older ones. A similar study 3 was set up in an institutional school for blind children with a total of 152 inmates, aged seven to 19 years. Dormitories for girls and boys were located in separate wings or buildings; play rooms and dining rooms were shared; teaching was coeducational in nine grades and 14 separate classes according to age.
188 Safety-Field Evidence of Safety 188 Safety-Field Evidence of Safety OF CHAT throat excretion; according to other authors, how- TABLE 1. INTRAFAMILIAL SPREAD VIRUS INFECTION FROM INDEX CHILDREN BELOVS AND ABOVE THE AGE OF Two YEARS ever, no definite correlation seems to exist between appearance of virus in the throat and spread by contact. The coincidence of the shift 1957/58 1958/59 1959/60
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LIVE POLIO IRUS VACCINES Papers Pre
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SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
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Preface The accumulation of informa
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Page 6. Vaccination of Full-Term In
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Page 23. Vaccination against Poliom
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Dr. Ghislain COURTOIS Director, Pri
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Dr. Edith PETTE Institute for the R
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4 Introductory Remarks 4 Introducto
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6 General Considerations immunity a
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8 General Considerations from accep
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10 General Considerations 10 Genera
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14 Safety-Laboratory Evidence of At
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- 26 Safety-Laboratory Evidence of
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN ANDERSON: There
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30 Discussion CHAIRMAN ANDERSON: Th
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32 TABLE 1. Safety-Laboratory Evide
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40 Discussion Of the 22 monkeys inf
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN ANDERSON: Thank
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46 Discussion a paralytic case. Thi
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48 Discussion + - + + I + - I + + 1
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50 Discussion sages of neurovirulen
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Application of Genetic Markers to D
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Discussion 67 TABLE 1. INCIDENCE OF
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Experimental Studies on Animals wit
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6. DETECTION OF A "NON-DETECTABLE"
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Detection of a "Non-Detectable" Sim
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Discussion 87 Dr. Koprowski's state
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Discussion 89 recognize its effects
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Laboratory Investigations of Attenu
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Discussion 99 In the case of Table
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8. BEHAVIOR OF COLD MUTANTS OF POLI
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Behavior of Cold Mutants of Poliovi
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN BURNET: Thank y
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114 Safety-Field Evidence of Safety
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118 S afety-Field Evidence of S af
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122 Discussion 122 Discussion~~~~~~
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10. LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS OF TH
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126 VIRUS 1 MAhONEY Safety-Field Ev
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128 Safety-Field Evidence óf Safet
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN ZHDANOV: This p
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11. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND VIROLOGICAL
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Page 206 and 207: Field, Laboratory Experiences With
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Development and Persistence of Poli
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Development and Persistence of Poli
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Virologic, Serologic Investigations
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_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Virologic, Serologi
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cARE NUC:4I Discussion 267 CUAw # J
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Discussion 269 in the investigation
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Virological Findings, Antibody Resp
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4. ROUTINE IMMUNIZATION WITH ATTENU
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Routine Immunization With Attenuate
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Experimental Infectionwith CHATAtte
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Experimental Infection with CHATAtt
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Experimental Infection with CHATAtt
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Vaccination of Full-Term Infants wi
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Response of Newborn Infants to Vacc
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Susceptibility of Newborn Infants t
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9. IMMUNIZATION OF NEWBORN INFANTS
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Immunization of Newborn Infants wit
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Discussion 323 vaccinated siblings
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Discussion 325 Discussion 325 ance
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transplacental antibodies, or antib
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Discussion 329 Discussion 329 born
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Recent Experience with Lederle Triv
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11. FURTHER EXPERIENCES WITH ORAL P
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Further Experiences with Oral Polio
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Minnesota Studies with Oral Poliomy
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13. USE OF ATTENUATED LIVE POLIOVIR
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Use of Attenuated Live Poliovirus V
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Use of Attenuated Live Poliovirus V
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN LÉPINE: The tw
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Discussion 373 -~~~~~~ics o 7 domin
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Discussion 375 -~ ~~~~isuso 7 DR. C
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i 14. EFFECTS OF RAPID MASS IMMUNIZ
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Live Poliovirus Immunization-Condit
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Use of Sabin's Live Poliovirus Vacc
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- Use of Sabin's Live Poliovirus Va
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TABLE 14. Use of Sabin's Live Polio
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Discussion 411 DR. ANDERSON: My que
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Course of Mass Immunization in USSR
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, _ _ Course of Mass Immunization i
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN LÉPINE: Thank
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Discussion 431 DR. STUART-HARRIS: I
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436 Efficacy-Field Evidence TABLE 1
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438 Efficacy-Field Evidence Adminis
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444 Effcaey-Field Evidence 44 Efiay
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446 Efficacy-Field Evidence 446 Eff
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448 Efficacy-Field Evidence 448 lEf
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450 Efficacy-Field Evidence m Co 0
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452 Efficacy-Field Evidence ] ~~ ~
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454 Efficacy-Field Evidence It is n
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456 Efficacy-Field Evidence M.G. C
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460 460 Discussion Discussion~~~~~~
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462 Discussion one was sponsored by
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Vaccination with CHAT Strain Type 1
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Live Virus Vaccine Studies in South
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Discussion 481 the ages of the five
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Immunological and Epidemiological E
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN STUART-HARRIS:
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Further Observations on First Field
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Further Observations Qn First Field
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Further Observations on First FielJ
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Poliomyelitis Vaccination in Poland
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24. A SMALL-SCALE TRIAL WITH LIVE P
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Live Poliomyelitis Vaccine-Small-Sc
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25. VACCINATION AND CHALLENGE-POLIO
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Vaccination and Challenge-Poliomyel
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26. VACCINATION WITH ATTENUATED POL
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Vaccination with Attenuated Poliovi
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Discussion 575 ence last year. The
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Large-Scale Practical Trials, Use o
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594 Discussion 594 Disenísion ~ ~
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596 Discussion 596 Díscussion~~~~~
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598 Discussion 598 Discussion high
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602 Summary of the Conference 602 S
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Appendix The following letter was r
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608 Index Antibodies-continued half
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610 Index Bulychev, N. P., paper, 4
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612 Index Coxsackie--continued B-3
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614 Index Epidemics-continued intro
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616 Index Genetic stability-continu
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618 Index Infants-continued source
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620 Index Laboratory surveillance d
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622 Index Monkey neurovirulence, 95
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624 Index pH neutralization test, 6
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626 Index Poliomyelitis virus-conti
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628 Index Serological response-cont
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630 Index T marker-continued T- str
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632 Index Vaccine, Attenuated-conti
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634 Index Virus isolations and anti
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LIVE POLIO IRUS VACCINES

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