LIVE POLIO IRUS VACCINES

More documents

Recommendations

Info

UUYaYLlrmUIIIIIIYYIi1IYllllliTI11IITm TOPIC II. SAFETY. (A) LABORATORY EVIDENCE OF ATTENUATION AND SAFETY (continuation) 4. THE APPLICATION OF GENETIC MARKERS TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND CONTROL OF LIVE POLIOVIRUS VACCINE HILARY KOPROWSKI, M.D., RICHARD CARP, M.D., T. W. NORTON, M.D., BARBARA COHEN, M.D., AND STANLEY PLOTKIN, M.D. DR. KOPROWSKI (presenting the paper): Today, when over 60 million people in many parts of the world have been vaccinated against poliomyelitis with various attenuated viruses, the study of markers of poliovirus strains assumes an enormously important role. In addition to thorough clinical surveillance, the protagonist of live virus vaccination must maintain a close check on the fate of the vaccine strains fed to the population, if he is to stave off antagonists who see the somewhat imaginary instability of live viruses as a menace to the population of this globe, rather than as its salvation. The high cost of monkeys and the relative crudity of the so-called monkey virulence tests once presented serious obstacles to the development of live attenuated virus vaccines since no other markers were available. Today, however, the laboratory can use several types of genetic markers to characterize a given strain of poliovirus, and particularly striking differences are apparent as between virulent and attenuated strains. In addition, McBride, 1 Wenner, 2 ? 3 Gard, 4 and Wecker 5 have provided laboratory workers with a tool which permits serologic differentiation between strains of the same type. Serologic Differences of Poliovirus Strains within the Same Type: Intratypic Serodifferentiation Test (IST). Although several methods have been provided for this type of test, the procedures used in our laboratory are based chiefly on techniques developed by Gard and Wecker. A brief description of the procedures is as follows: Not less than 10 guinea pigs are 53 immunized against the respective strains of poliovirus through parenteral administration of at least two and not more than three injections of undiluted tissue-culture fluid infected with a cloned progeny of the virus to be tested. The animals are bled individually, one week after the last injection, and each serum is tested either by the technique of Gard (immuno-inactivation test) or the method described by Wecker, in which the serum is incorporated in the overlay and a monkey-kidney monolayer is infected with the virus. Individual variations are found among the guinea pigs, since only a fraction of sera will show the desired distinctness of effect, when tested in appropriate dilutions, between different strains of the same type. Such sera may be pooled and used for the intratypic serodifferentiation test (IST). In most of the results to be described the technique of Wecker has been employed. Monolayers of monkey kidneys were infected with a certain number of plaque-forming units of virus, and respective dilutions of serum were incorporated in the overlay. After 4-5 days of incubation, the plates were stained and the number and diameter of the plaques determined. Table 1 shows examples of IST applied to strains representing three types of virus. In each case, serum prepared against the attenuated strain was placed in the overlay and the homologous and heterologous virulent strains of the same type were tested under the same overlay. The results clearly indicate a marked decrease in the number of plaques produced by the homologous strain
54 Safety-Laboratory Evidence of Attenuation and Safety TABLE 1. SEROLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION OF STRAINS OF POLIOVIRUS WITHIN THE SAME TYPE NEUTRALIZATION TEST WITH SERA PREPARED AGAINST THE VACCINE STRAINS* TYPE STRAIN NIJMBER OF PLAQUES** AVERAGE DIAMETER*** CONTROL SERUM CONTROL SERUM 1 CHAT 13 1 5.0
Page 1 and 2:
LIVE POLIO IRUS VACCINES Papers Pre
Page 3 and 4:
SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
Page 5:
Preface The accumulation of informa
Page 8 and 9:
Page Discussion .......... .......
Page 10 and 11:
Page 6. Vaccination of Full-Term In
Page 12 and 13:
Page 23. Vaccination against Poliom
Page 14 and 15:
Dr. Ghislain COURTOIS Director, Pri
Page 16 and 17:
Dr. Edith PETTE Institute for the R
Page 18: imimmmmmñimmimmm-ñmñmñrmimmimmm
Page 21 and 22: 4 Introductory Remarks 4 Introducto
Page 23 and 24: 6 General Considerations immunity a
Page 25 and 26: 8 General Considerations from accep
Page 27 and 28: 10 General Considerations 10 Genera
Page 29 and 30: _nTlmmlllllTlllllllnT/I1T~lllmlimll
Page 31 and 32: 14 Safety-Laboratory Evidence of At
Page 43 and 44: - 26 Safety-Laboratory Evidence of
Page 45 and 46: DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN ANDERSON: There
Page 47 and 48: 30 Discussion CHAIRMAN ANDERSON: Th
Page 49 and 50: 32 TABLE 1. Safety-Laboratory Evide
Page 57 and 58: 40 Discussion Of the 22 monkeys inf
Page 61 and 62: DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN ANDERSON: Thank
Page 63 and 64: 46 Discussion a paralytic case. Thi
Page 65 and 66: 48 Discussion + - + + I + - I + + 1
Page 67 and 68: 50 Discussion sages of neurovirulen
Page 72 and 73: Application of Genetic Markers to D
Page 84 and 85: Discussion 67 TABLE 1. INCIDENCE OF
Page 86 and 87: Experimental Studies on Animals wit
Page 96 and 97: 6. DETECTION OF A "NON-DETECTABLE"
Page 98 and 99: Detection of a "Non-Detectable" Sim
Page 104 and 105: Discussion 87 Dr. Koprowski's state
Page 106 and 107: Discussion 89 recognize its effects
Page 108 and 109: Laboratory Investigations of Attenu
Page 116 and 117: Discussion 99 In the case of Table
Page 118 and 119: 8. BEHAVIOR OF COLD MUTANTS OF POLI
Page 120 and 121:
Behavior of Cold Mutants of Poliovi
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN BURNET: Thank y
Page 128:
IULUUmmiillaYIIiiiiIllnllTrTnTnTm T
Page 131 and 132:
114 Safety-Field Evidence of Safety
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
118 S afety-Field Evidence of S af
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
122 Discussion 122 Discussion~~~~~~
Page 141 and 142:
10. LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS OF TH
Page 143 and 144:
126 VIRUS 1 MAhONEY Safety-Field Ev
Page 145 and 146:
128 Safety-Field Evidence óf Safet
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN ZHDANOV: This p
Page 151 and 152:
11. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND VIROLOGICAL
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
12. SPREAD OF A VACCINE STRAIN OF P
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
148 Saf ety-Field Evidence of Saf e
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
152 Saf ety-Field Evidence of Safet
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN ZHDANOV: The pa
Page 175 and 176:
158 Discussion 158 Díscussion~~~~~
Page 177 and 178:
160 Discussion specimens. We were u
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
. . . 168 Safety-Field Evidence of
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
14. THE CAPACITY OF LIVE ATTENUATED
Page 193 and 194:
176 Saf ety-Field Evidence of Saf e
Page 195 and 196:
... ____ v __ _"_ _. ___.__ __ .,_.
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 204 and 205:
"""lliiiiirmlilrrmiiiiiiiii iiiii,,
Page 206 and 207:
Field, Laboratory Experiences With
Page 208 and 209:
16. STUDIES ON LIVE POLIOVIRUS VACC
Page 210 and 211:
Studies on Live Poliovirus Vaccine
Page 212 and 213:
; _ o - -01 1 0 h 4.cccM oe u, Co F
Page 214 and 215:
Page 216 and 217:
Page 218 and 219:
Page 220 and 221:
Da. HORSTMANN: If I may answer for
Page 222 and 223:
Discussion 205 Discussion 205 tried
Page 224 and 225:
NOTE: The Spanish translation of th
Page 226 and 227:
Vaccination of Pregnant Women and Y
Page 228 and 229:
Page 230 and 231:
Page 232 and 233:
Page 234 and 235:
Page 236 and 237:
Page 238 and 239:
Page 240 and 241:
Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
Page 246 and 247:
Development and Persistence of Poli
Page 248 and 249:
Page 250 and 251:
Page 252 and 253:
Page 254 and 255:
Page 256 and 257:
Page 258 and 259:
Virologic, Serologic Investigations
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264 and 265:
Page 266 and 267:
Page 268 and 269:
Page 270 and 271:
Page 272 and 273:
Page 274 and 275:
Page 276 and 277:
Page 278 and 279:
Page 280 and 281:
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Virologic, Serologi
Page 282 and 283:
Page 284 and 285:
cARE NUC:4I Discussion 267 CUAw # J
Page 286 and 287:
Discussion 269 in the investigation
Page 288 and 289:
Virological Findings, Antibody Resp
Page 290 and 291:
Page 292 and 293:
Page 294 and 295:
4. ROUTINE IMMUNIZATION WITH ATTENU
Page 296 and 297:
Routine Immunization With Attenuate
Page 298 and 299:
Page 300:
Page 304 and 305:
mmrriiiiiiiiiiiinniiiiiiiriiimmmmmn
Page 306 and 307:
Experimental Infectionwith CHATAtte
Page 308 and 309:
Experimental Infection with CHATAtt
Page 310 and 311:
Experimental Infection with CHATAtt
Page 312 and 313:
Vaccination of Full-Term Infants wi
Page 314 and 315:
Page 316 and 317:
Page 318 and 319:
Page 320 and 321:
Response of Newborn Infants to Vacc
Page 322 and 323:
Page 324 and 325:
Page 326 and 327:
Susceptibility of Newborn Infants t
Page 328 and 329:
Page 330 and 331:
Page 332 and 333:
9. IMMUNIZATION OF NEWBORN INFANTS
Page 334 and 335:
Immunization of Newborn Infants wit
Page 336 and 337:
Page 338 and 339:
Page 340 and 341:
Discussion 323 vaccinated siblings
Page 342 and 343:
Discussion 325 Discussion 325 ance
Page 344 and 345:
transplacental antibodies, or antib
Page 346 and 347:
Discussion 329 Discussion 329 born
Page 348 and 349:
Recent Experience with Lederle Triv
Page 350 and 351:
Page 352 and 353:
Page 354 and 355:
Page 356 and 357:
Page 358 and 359:
11. FURTHER EXPERIENCES WITH ORAL P
Page 360 and 361:
Further Experiences with Oral Polio
Page 362 and 363:
Page 364 and 365:
Page 366 and 367:
Page 368 and 369:
Page 370:
Page 374 and 375:
_1111_11111111111111llllIllllllllll
Page 376 and 377:
Minnesota Studies with Oral Poliomy
Page 378 and 379:
Page 380 and 381:
Page 382 and 383:
13. USE OF ATTENUATED LIVE POLIOVIR
Page 384 and 385:
Use of Attenuated Live Poliovirus V
Page 386 and 387:
Use of Attenuated Live Poliovirus V
Page 388 and 389:
DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN LÉPINE: The tw
Page 390 and 391:
Discussion 373 -~~~~~~ics o 7 domin
Page 392 and 393:
Discussion 375 -~ ~~~~isuso 7 DR. C
Page 394 and 395:
i 14. EFFECTS OF RAPID MASS IMMUNIZ
Page 396 and 397:
Live Poliovirus Immunization-Condit
Page 398 and 399:
Page 400 and 401:
Page 402 and 403:
Page 404 and 405:
Use of Sabin's Live Poliovirus Vacc
Page 406 and 407:
Page 408 and 409:
Page 410 and 411:
- Use of Sabin's Live Poliovirus Va
Page 412 and 413:
Page 414 and 415:
TABLE 14. Use of Sabin's Live Polio
Page 416 and 417:
Page 418 and 419:
Page 420 and 421:
Page 422 and 423:
Page 424 and 425:
Page 426 and 427:
Page 428 and 429:
Discussion 411 DR. ANDERSON: My que
Page 430 and 431:
llllllmlllllmlllllI 1111111111··
Page 432 and 433:
Course of Mass Immunization in USSR
Page 434 and 435:
Page 436 and 437:
Page 438 and 439:
Page 440 and 441:
, _ _ Course of Mass Immunization i
Page 442 and 443:
Page 444 and 445:
Page 446 and 447:
DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN LÉPINE: Thank
Page 448 and 449:
Discussion 431 DR. STUART-HARRIS: I
Page 450:
_llmrr//lnlllllllllllllllllllilllll
Page 453 and 454:
436 Efficacy-Field Evidence TABLE 1
Page 455 and 456:
438 Efficacy-Field Evidence Adminis
Page 457 and 458:
Page 459 and 460:
Page 461 and 462:
444 Effcaey-Field Evidence 44 Efiay
Page 463 and 464:
446 Efficacy-Field Evidence 446 Eff
Page 465 and 466:
448 Efficacy-Field Evidence 448 lEf
Page 467 and 468:
450 Efficacy-Field Evidence m Co 0
Page 469 and 470:
452 Efficacy-Field Evidence ] ~~ ~
Page 471 and 472:
454 Efficacy-Field Evidence It is n
Page 473 and 474:
456 Efficacy-Field Evidence M.G. C
Page 475 and 476:
Page 477 and 478:
460 460 Discussion Discussion~~~~~~
Page 479 and 480:
462 Discussion one was sponsored by
Page 481 and 482:
Page 484 and 485:
Vaccination with CHAT Strain Type 1
Page 486 and 487:
Page 488 and 489:
Page 490 and 491:
Page 492 and 493:
Live Virus Vaccine Studies in South
Page 494 and 495:
Page 496 and 497:
Page 498 and 499:
Discussion 481 the ages of the five
Page 500 and 501:
Immunological and Epidemiological E
Page 502 and 503:
Page 504 and 505:
Page 506 and 507:
Page 508 and 509:
Page 510 and 511:
Page 512 and 513:
Page 514 and 515:
Page 516 and 517:
Page 518:
Page 522 and 523:
DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN STUART-HARRIS:
Page 524 and 525:
_11111/1/1111/>11111llrmlllllllll T
Page 526 and 527:
Further Observations on First Field
Page 528 and 529:
Further Observations Qn First Field
Page 530 and 531:
Page 532 and 533:
Further Observations on First FielJ
Page 534 and 535:
Page 536 and 537:
Page 538 and 539:
Page 540 and 541:
Poliomyelitis Vaccination in Poland
Page 542 and 543:
Page 544 and 545:
Page 546 and 547:
Page 548 and 549:
Page 550 and 551:
24. A SMALL-SCALE TRIAL WITH LIVE P
Page 552 and 553:
Live Poliomyelitis Vaccine-Small-Sc
Page 554 and 555:
Page 556 and 557:
Page 558 and 559:
Page 560 and 561:
Page 562 and 563:
Page 564 and 565:
25. VACCINATION AND CHALLENGE-POLIO
Page 566 and 567:
Vaccination and Challenge-Poliomyel
Page 568 and 569:
Page 570 and 571:
Page 572 and 573:
Page 574 and 575:
Page 576 and 577:
Page 578 and 579:
26. VACCINATION WITH ATTENUATED POL
Page 580 and 581:
Vaccination with Attenuated Poliovi
Page 582 and 583:
Page 584 and 585:
Page 586 and 587:
Page 588 and 589:
Page 590 and 591:
Page 592 and 593:
Discussion 575 ence last year. The
Page 594 and 595:
Large-Scale Practical Trials, Use o
Page 596 and 597:
Page 598 and 599:
Page 600 and 601:
Page 602 and 603:
Page 604 and 605:
Page 606:
nll/(Illl!ll/lll ii i i ii ii ll li
Page 609 and 610:
Page 611 and 612:
594 Discussion 594 Disenísion ~ ~
Page 613 and 614:
596 Discussion 596 Díscussion~~~~~
Page 615 and 616:
598 Discussion 598 Discussion high
Page 617 and 618:
iiiii iirrrimrmiriiiilllniririiiiii
Page 619 and 620:
602 Summary of the Conference 602 S
Page 622:
Appendix The following letter was r
Page 625 and 626:
608 Index Antibodies-continued half
Page 627 and 628:
610 Index Bulychev, N. P., paper, 4
Page 629 and 630:
612 Index Coxsackie--continued B-3
Page 631 and 632:
614 Index Epidemics-continued intro
Page 633 and 634:
616 Index Genetic stability-continu
Page 635 and 636:
618 Index Infants-continued source
Page 637 and 638:
620 Index Laboratory surveillance d
Page 639 and 640:
622 Index Monkey neurovirulence, 95
Page 641 and 642:
624 Index pH neutralization test, 6
Page 643 and 644:
626 Index Poliomyelitis virus-conti
Page 645 and 646:
628 Index Serological response-cont
Page 647 and 648:
630 Index T marker-continued T- str
Page 649 and 650:
632 Index Vaccine, Attenuated-conti
Page 651:
634 Index Virus isolations and anti
show all

LIVE POLIO IRUS VACCINES

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?