LIVE POLIO IRUS VACCINES

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Virologic, Serologic Investigations of Immunization With Sabin's Strains 245 TABLE 6. ABSENCE OF POLIOMYELITIS ANTIBODY IN CHILDREN OF DIFFERENT AGES BEFORE VACCINA- TION (KARAGANDA, 1959) NUMBER OF SERA WITHOUT ANTIBODY TO TRIPLE-NEGATIVE AGE- NUMBER SERA GROUP OF SERA (YEARS) TESTED TYPE 1 TYPE 2 TYPE 3 No. % No. % No. % No. % 0-1 15 8 53.3 7 46.6 9 60.0 7 46.6 1-4 236 66 28.0 43 18.2 75 31.8 17 7.2 5-7 120 18 15.0 19 15.8 14 11.7 8-10 22 2 9.1 1 4.6 11-14 20 3 15.0 1 5.0 1 5.0 15+ 3 Total 416 97 23.3 71 17.1 99 23.8 24 5.8 TABLE 7. EXAMINATION OF STOOL SPECIMENS FROM CHILDREN FOR INTESTINAL VIRUS CARRIAGE BEFORE IMMUNIZATION NUMBER OF CHILDREN i ISOLATED CYTOPATHOGENIC AGENTS: CHILDREN'S HOMES TESTED CRETED CPA ECHO GROuP 1 3 8 11 12 14 17 18 19 11+ 12 Coxs. A 9 Cox. B i + ECHOs Ex- UN- TYP. CPA L. and R. 131 45 117 1 1 1 1 7 2 37 Nos. 5 and 10 116 29 13 9 6 2 1 9 TABLE 8. FREQUENCY OF EXCRETION OF VACCINE VIRUSES AFTER IMMUNIZATION OF CHILDREN NUMBER OF CHILDREN DURING THE FIRST MONTH NUMBER OF CHILDREN DURING THE SECOND MONTH CHILDREN S HOMES TESTED EXCRETED VIRUS VIRUS ISOLATION RATE I TESTED EXCRETED VIRUS VIRUS ISOLATION RATE L. and R. 136 96 70 Nos. 5 and 10 118 114 96 104 69 66
246 Efficacy-Laboratory Evidence TABLE 9. FREQUENCY OF VACCINE VIRUS EXCRETION BY CHILDREN DURING THE FIRST MONTH AFTER IMMUNIZATION BY WEEKS (CHILDREN'S HOMES No. 5 AND No. 10) WEEK AFTER IMMUNIZATION NUMBER OF CHILDREN TESTED NUMBER EXCRETING VIRUS VIRUS ISOLATION RATE 1 105 98 93 2 58 53 91 3 102 84 82 4 86 62 72 Maximum excretion of Types 1 and 2 vaccine viruses was observed in the first post-vaccination week, and of Type 3 virus in the second week (Fig. 1). During the first month after vaccination Types 1, 2, and 3 vaccine viruses are excreted almost twice as frequently as during the second month (Table 14). Examples of simultaneous multiplication of vaccine strains Types 1, 2, and 3 are presented in Figures 2 and 3. Special investigation was devoted to the problem of establishment of vaccine viruses in immunized children in relation to the presence or absence of poliomyelitis antibody. It was shown that the establishment of Types 1 and 2 vaccine viruses was almost twice as frequent in children without antibody than in those with them. On the contrary, Type 3 vaccine virus was much more frequently excreted by children possessing homologous antibody (Tables 15-17). Examination of sera collected at random from 223 children with pre-vaccination lack of antibody to some types by pH neutralization test, showed that one month after feeding with trivalent live vaccine some children responded with antibody development to all three types, and others to two or one type of poliovirus. Of 142 children without pre-vaccination Type 1 antibody, 92 (64.8 per cent) acquired antibody to this type. Of 106 children without Type 2 antibody before vaccination, 85 (80.2 per cent) developed it. Smaller number of children responded with Type 3 antibody development (86 of 151, or 56.9 per cent). Of 60 triple-negative children, 27 (45.0 per cent) developed each Type 1 and Type 3 antibody, and 43 (71.7 per cent) Type 2 antibody. Percentage of children with pre-vaccination antibody increased by 39.9 per cent for Type 1, 35.4 per cent for Type 2, and 35.9 per cent for Type 3. These results are definitely lower compared to those obtained by I. H. Dobrova in the Estonian SSR after immunization with trivalent vaccine in the winter-spring season (see Table 18). In the Moscow and Karaganda regions, where vaccinations had been carried out in the summer, establishment of vaccine strains was prevented by extremely wide dissemination of non-poliomyelitis enteric viruses during this period. In favor of possible inhibiting influence of enterovirus season is the fact that the least satisfactory results were obtained in children's homes L. and R. where considerable extent of ECHO and Coxsackie virus carriage had been found (Table 18). And yet, despite the unfavorable effect of enteric virus carriage, one feeding of trivalent live vaccine resulted in significant changes in antibody patterns compared with pre-vaccination status in that 128 children of 223 seronegatives converted to triple positives. Fifty-one of 60 triple-negative children developed antibody to one or more types of poliomyelitis viruses, and only nine children remained triple negative (Table 19 and Fig. 4). Best results in regard to increase in the percentage of children with antibody to all the three types were observed in children from different towns and settlements of the Moscow region (68.4 per cent) not vaccinated previously with killed vaccine (Table 20). In the Karaganda region
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LIVE POLIO IRUS VACCINES Papers Pre
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SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
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Preface The accumulation of informa
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Page 6. Vaccination of Full-Term In
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Page 23. Vaccination against Poliom
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Dr. Ghislain COURTOIS Director, Pri
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Dr. Edith PETTE Institute for the R
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4 Introductory Remarks 4 Introducto
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6 General Considerations immunity a
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8 General Considerations from accep
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10 General Considerations 10 Genera
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14 Safety-Laboratory Evidence of At
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- 26 Safety-Laboratory Evidence of
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN ANDERSON: There
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30 Discussion CHAIRMAN ANDERSON: Th
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32 TABLE 1. Safety-Laboratory Evide
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40 Discussion Of the 22 monkeys inf
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN ANDERSON: Thank
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46 Discussion a paralytic case. Thi
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48 Discussion + - + + I + - I + + 1
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50 Discussion sages of neurovirulen
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Application of Genetic Markers to D
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Discussion 67 TABLE 1. INCIDENCE OF
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Experimental Studies on Animals wit
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6. DETECTION OF A "NON-DETECTABLE"
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Detection of a "Non-Detectable" Sim
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Discussion 87 Dr. Koprowski's state
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Discussion 89 recognize its effects
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Laboratory Investigations of Attenu
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Discussion 99 In the case of Table
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8. BEHAVIOR OF COLD MUTANTS OF POLI
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Behavior of Cold Mutants of Poliovi
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN BURNET: Thank y
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114 Safety-Field Evidence of Safety
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118 S afety-Field Evidence of S af
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122 Discussion 122 Discussion~~~~~~
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10. LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS OF TH
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126 VIRUS 1 MAhONEY Safety-Field Ev
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128 Safety-Field Evidence óf Safet
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN ZHDANOV: This p
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11. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND VIROLOGICAL
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12. SPREAD OF A VACCINE STRAIN OF P
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148 Saf ety-Field Evidence of Saf e
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152 Saf ety-Field Evidence of Safet
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN ZHDANOV: The pa
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158 Discussion 158 Díscussion~~~~~
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160 Discussion specimens. We were u
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. . . 168 Safety-Field Evidence of
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14. THE CAPACITY OF LIVE ATTENUATED
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176 Saf ety-Field Evidence of Saf e
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Field, Laboratory Experiences With
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16. STUDIES ON LIVE POLIOVIRUS VACC
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Studies on Live Poliovirus Vaccine
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Vaccination of Full-Term Infants wi
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Response of Newborn Infants to Vacc
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Susceptibility of Newborn Infants t
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9. IMMUNIZATION OF NEWBORN INFANTS
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Immunization of Newborn Infants wit
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Discussion 323 vaccinated siblings
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Discussion 325 Discussion 325 ance
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transplacental antibodies, or antib
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Discussion 329 Discussion 329 born
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Recent Experience with Lederle Triv
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11. FURTHER EXPERIENCES WITH ORAL P
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Further Experiences with Oral Polio
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Minnesota Studies with Oral Poliomy
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13. USE OF ATTENUATED LIVE POLIOVIR
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Use of Attenuated Live Poliovirus V
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Use of Attenuated Live Poliovirus V
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN LÉPINE: The tw
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Discussion 373 -~~~~~~ics o 7 domin
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Discussion 375 -~ ~~~~isuso 7 DR. C
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i 14. EFFECTS OF RAPID MASS IMMUNIZ
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Live Poliovirus Immunization-Condit
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Use of Sabin's Live Poliovirus Vacc
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- Use of Sabin's Live Poliovirus Va
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TABLE 14. Use of Sabin's Live Polio
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Discussion 411 DR. ANDERSON: My que
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Course of Mass Immunization in USSR
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, _ _ Course of Mass Immunization i
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN LÉPINE: Thank
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Discussion 431 DR. STUART-HARRIS: I
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436 Efficacy-Field Evidence TABLE 1
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438 Efficacy-Field Evidence Adminis
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444 Effcaey-Field Evidence 44 Efiay
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446 Efficacy-Field Evidence 446 Eff
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448 Efficacy-Field Evidence 448 lEf
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450 Efficacy-Field Evidence m Co 0
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452 Efficacy-Field Evidence ] ~~ ~
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454 Efficacy-Field Evidence It is n
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456 Efficacy-Field Evidence M.G. C
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460 460 Discussion Discussion~~~~~~
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462 Discussion one was sponsored by
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Vaccination with CHAT Strain Type 1
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Live Virus Vaccine Studies in South
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Discussion 481 the ages of the five
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Immunological and Epidemiological E
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN STUART-HARRIS:
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Poliomyelitis Vaccination in Poland
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25. VACCINATION AND CHALLENGE-POLIO
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Vaccination and Challenge-Poliomyel
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Discussion 575 ence last year. The
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Large-Scale Practical Trials, Use o
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594 Discussion 594 Disenísion ~ ~
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596 Discussion 596 Díscussion~~~~~
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598 Discussion 598 Discussion high
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602 Summary of the Conference 602 S
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Appendix The following letter was r
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608 Index Antibodies-continued half
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610 Index Bulychev, N. P., paper, 4
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612 Index Coxsackie--continued B-3
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614 Index Epidemics-continued intro
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616 Index Genetic stability-continu
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618 Index Infants-continued source
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620 Index Laboratory surveillance d
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622 Index Monkey neurovirulence, 95
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624 Index pH neutralization test, 6
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626 Index Poliomyelitis virus-conti
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628 Index Serological response-cont
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630 Index T marker-continued T- str
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632 Index Vaccine, Attenuated-conti
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634 Index Virus isolations and anti
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