LIVE POLIO IRUS VACCINES

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Development and Persistence of Polio Antibodies in Young Adults 235 taneously against Types 2 and 3, and once simultaneously against Types 1 and 3. In most cases, the antibody rises to Type 1 were observed later than to Type 2. The appearance of heterotypic antibodies in subjects lacking detectable levels of Type 1 and Type 2 antibodies in the pre-immunization sample of sera was of special interest to us. Type 1 antibodies appeared in three out of six cases without homologous serological immunity, persisting in two cases for a short period of time; in the remaining case they were demonstrated in a very low titer only in pH/6 after 12 weeks. A Type 2 antibody increase was observed in four out of five subjects lacking Type 2 antibodies prior to immunization. In two of these subjects, the antibodies persisted after 12 weeks. The appearance of heterotypic antibodies repeatedly had the character of biphasic process. Differences in the titers of Type 1 and Type 2 antibodies, estimated by means of different tests, were similar to those observed in Type 3 antibodies. Some preliminary results concerning the possible difierences in antibody avidity. (a) As already mentioned, the results of CP/1 and CP/6 were read on the second, third, fifth, and seventh day after inoculation, the IIT on the third, fifth, and seventh day. Between the titers estimated in the second and seventh-day readings considerable differences were observed, varying from case to case. We tried to establish the following: (1) whether the magnitude of such differences in antibody titers was in any relation to the pre-immunization immunity state; and (2) whether these differences changed in the course of poliomyelitic infection. For this purpose we divided the subjects investigated in two groups according to their prevaccination state of immunity. Geometric mean titers were computed from the antibody titers estimated in corresponding serum specimens. The results presented in Fig. 6 show: (1) In all three CP tests used, a more considerable difference between the antibody titers estimated in the first and the last readings was observed in subjects lacking pre-existing antibodies, being usually three to fourfold in CP/1 and CP/6 and threefold in IIT. In subjects possessing preexisting antibodies it was twofold or less in all three tests. The analogical decrease of GMT of Type 3 antibodies found in the standard human serum tested simultaneously with non-immune subjects, was 4.5-fold for CP/1, 3.5-fold for CP/6 and 2.4-fold for IIT. The corresponding data obtained when subjects with pre-existing immunity were investigated were 4.3, 3.7, and 2.5, respectively. (2) In the course of the infection the differences between the second and seventh and the third and seventh-day readings, respectively, remained nearly unchanged. Only in the group of non-immunes a slight decrease of the differences can be found in samples of sera taken at the end of the observation period in CP/1 and IIT, but not in CP/6 tests. (b) The most pronounced difference between the antibody titers in pH and CP tests was estimated in subject 9/HB. The serum samples taken on the 14th day (S-5) and on the 84th day (S-10) were tested against virus dilution 10 - ' to 10 -5 in CP/1 and pH/1, using four tubes (cups) per every dilution. The results of this experiment are given in Table 4. In order to obtain more knowledge of this interesting discrepancy we followed the residual virus activity (RVA) in mixtures containing approximately 103.5 TCD 50 of virus per 0.1 ml. and the final dilution 1:100 of S-5 and S-10, respectively. The mixtures were incubated at 37 ° C. and after one, three, six, and 24 hours, samples were drawn and diluted in several tenfold steps in pre-cooled medium. Immediately after it, 10 tissue-culture tubes were inoculated with 0.1 ml. from each dilution. The five-day readings of two consecutive experiments are presented in Table 5. The results indicate that in the test system used almost no neutralizing effect by S-5 in the dilution tested could be demonstrated even after 24-hour incubation, although, as previously demonstrated, the same serum in the dilution 1:256 "neutralized" about 103' . TCD,, of virus in the pH test. On the other hand, S-10, having a lesser neu tralizing potency in pH test, reduced the virus titer during the incubation period of 24 hours by 1.4 log 10 .
236 Efflcacy-Laboratory Evidence 236 Efficacy-Laboratory Evidence 1000 Ž 500 c 500 u lo- 51 ] 1 84 0 20 30 40 day of sampling FIG. 6. The decrease of the GMT of Type 3 antibodies estimated in the 2 and 7 day reading in CP/1 and CP/6 tests and in the 3 and 7 day reading in IIT, in the sera of individuals without and with homologous preexisting immunity. 84 TABLE 4. THE DEPENDANCE OF TYPE 3 ANTIBODY TITER IN THE SERA TAKEN IN 18/HB 14 DAYS AFTER TYPE 3 ATTENUATED VIRUS WAS FED (S-5) AND 10 WEEKS LATER (S-10), ON THE DIFFERENT QUANTITIES OF VIRUS IN CP/1 AND PH/1 Cp/I pH/1 SERUM THE DILUTION OF VIRUS THE DILUTION OF VIRUS SAM PLE 10-' 10-4 ]0-5 10-1 10-2 10-3 10- 10-5 S-5
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LIVE POLIO IRUS VACCINES Papers Pre
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SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
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Preface The accumulation of informa
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Page Discussion .......... .......
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Page 6. Vaccination of Full-Term In
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Page 23. Vaccination against Poliom
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Dr. Ghislain COURTOIS Director, Pri
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Dr. Edith PETTE Institute for the R
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4 Introductory Remarks 4 Introducto
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6 General Considerations immunity a
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8 General Considerations from accep
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10 General Considerations 10 Genera
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14 Safety-Laboratory Evidence of At
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- 26 Safety-Laboratory Evidence of
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN ANDERSON: There
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30 Discussion CHAIRMAN ANDERSON: Th
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32 TABLE 1. Safety-Laboratory Evide
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40 Discussion Of the 22 monkeys inf
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN ANDERSON: Thank
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46 Discussion a paralytic case. Thi
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48 Discussion + - + + I + - I + + 1
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50 Discussion sages of neurovirulen
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Application of Genetic Markers to D
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Discussion 67 TABLE 1. INCIDENCE OF
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Experimental Studies on Animals wit
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6. DETECTION OF A "NON-DETECTABLE"
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Detection of a "Non-Detectable" Sim
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Discussion 87 Dr. Koprowski's state
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Discussion 89 recognize its effects
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Laboratory Investigations of Attenu
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Discussion 99 In the case of Table
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8. BEHAVIOR OF COLD MUTANTS OF POLI
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Behavior of Cold Mutants of Poliovi
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN BURNET: Thank y
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114 Safety-Field Evidence of Safety
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118 S afety-Field Evidence of S af
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122 Discussion 122 Discussion~~~~~~
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10. LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS OF TH
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126 VIRUS 1 MAhONEY Safety-Field Ev
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128 Safety-Field Evidence óf Safet
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN ZHDANOV: This p
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11. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND VIROLOGICAL
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12. SPREAD OF A VACCINE STRAIN OF P
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148 Saf ety-Field Evidence of Saf e
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152 Saf ety-Field Evidence of Safet
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN ZHDANOV: The pa
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158 Discussion 158 Díscussion~~~~~
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160 Discussion specimens. We were u
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. . . 168 Safety-Field Evidence of
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14. THE CAPACITY OF LIVE ATTENUATED
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176 Saf ety-Field Evidence of Saf e
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Experimental Infectionwith CHATAtte
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Experimental Infection with CHATAtt
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Experimental Infection with CHATAtt
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Vaccination of Full-Term Infants wi
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Response of Newborn Infants to Vacc
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Susceptibility of Newborn Infants t
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9. IMMUNIZATION OF NEWBORN INFANTS
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Immunization of Newborn Infants wit
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Discussion 323 vaccinated siblings
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Discussion 325 Discussion 325 ance
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transplacental antibodies, or antib
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Discussion 329 Discussion 329 born
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Recent Experience with Lederle Triv
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11. FURTHER EXPERIENCES WITH ORAL P
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Further Experiences with Oral Polio
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Minnesota Studies with Oral Poliomy
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13. USE OF ATTENUATED LIVE POLIOVIR
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Use of Attenuated Live Poliovirus V
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Use of Attenuated Live Poliovirus V
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN LÉPINE: The tw
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Discussion 373 -~~~~~~ics o 7 domin
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Discussion 375 -~ ~~~~isuso 7 DR. C
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i 14. EFFECTS OF RAPID MASS IMMUNIZ
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Live Poliovirus Immunization-Condit
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Use of Sabin's Live Poliovirus Vacc
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- Use of Sabin's Live Poliovirus Va
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TABLE 14. Use of Sabin's Live Polio
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Discussion 411 DR. ANDERSON: My que
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Course of Mass Immunization in USSR
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, _ _ Course of Mass Immunization i
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN LÉPINE: Thank
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Discussion 431 DR. STUART-HARRIS: I
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436 Efficacy-Field Evidence TABLE 1
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438 Efficacy-Field Evidence Adminis
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444 Effcaey-Field Evidence 44 Efiay
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446 Efficacy-Field Evidence 446 Eff
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448 Efficacy-Field Evidence 448 lEf
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450 Efficacy-Field Evidence m Co 0
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452 Efficacy-Field Evidence ] ~~ ~
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454 Efficacy-Field Evidence It is n
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456 Efficacy-Field Evidence M.G. C
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460 460 Discussion Discussion~~~~~~
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462 Discussion one was sponsored by
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Vaccination with CHAT Strain Type 1
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Live Virus Vaccine Studies in South
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Discussion 481 the ages of the five
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Immunological and Epidemiological E
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN STUART-HARRIS:
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Further Observations on First Field
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Further Observations Qn First Field
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Further Observations on First FielJ
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Poliomyelitis Vaccination in Poland
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24. A SMALL-SCALE TRIAL WITH LIVE P
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Live Poliomyelitis Vaccine-Small-Sc
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25. VACCINATION AND CHALLENGE-POLIO
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Vaccination and Challenge-Poliomyel
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26. VACCINATION WITH ATTENUATED POL
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Vaccination with Attenuated Poliovi
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Discussion 575 ence last year. The
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Large-Scale Practical Trials, Use o
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594 Discussion 594 Disenísion ~ ~
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596 Discussion 596 Díscussion~~~~~
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598 Discussion 598 Discussion high
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602 Summary of the Conference 602 S
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Appendix The following letter was r
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608 Index Antibodies-continued half
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610 Index Bulychev, N. P., paper, 4
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612 Index Coxsackie--continued B-3
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614 Index Epidemics-continued intro
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616 Index Genetic stability-continu
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618 Index Infants-continued source
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620 Index Laboratory surveillance d
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622 Index Monkey neurovirulence, 95
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624 Index pH neutralization test, 6
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626 Index Poliomyelitis virus-conti
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628 Index Serological response-cont
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630 Index T marker-continued T- str
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632 Index Vaccine, Attenuated-conti
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634 Index Virus isolations and anti
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