LIVE POLIO IRUS VACCINES

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Response of Newborn Infants to Vaccination with Living Type 1 Poliovirus 305 TABLE 2. RELATIONSHIP OF HOMOTYPIC NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY TITER IN THE MOTHER'S SERUM TO THE EXCRETION OF TYPE 1 POLIOVIRUS (SABIN LSc, 2AB) BY HER NEWBORN INFANT FOLLOWING VACCINATION DURATION OF VIRUS EXCRETION TITER OF TYPE 1 No. INFANTS IN INFANTS' FECES NEUTRALIZING POLIO WITH No VIRUS ANTIBODY IN MOTHER'S SERUM EXCRETION 1 WEEK ONLY > 1 WEEK TOTAL
306 Efficacy-Laboratory Evidence 306 Efficacy-Laboratory Evidence majority of the babies who excreted virus probably did develop antibodies. Only after a longer period of observation will it be possible to determine the frequency of antibody rate of infection. responses. The observations on the three-month-old infants are presented in the same table. It will be seen that good antibody responses were noted in 21 of the 37, whereas 16 showed no change. In no instance did the titer fall to a significant degree, but it should be noted that the period of observation is only one month. The influence of the serum antibody level at the time of immunization of these infants upon the frequency with which a rise in titer was demonstrated, is analyzed in Table 4. It will be seen that 19 of 22 infants with a pre-immunization titer of eight or less demonstrated a rise, as compared to only two of 15 of those whose initial titer was 16 or greater. The highest pre-immunization titer noted in this group was 256. The data might be interpreted to mean that the higher levels of passive antibody prevented the infant from forming antibody. However, it would seem to us more likely that the amount of antibody formed by the infant was in many instances too little to be reflected as a significant rise in the face of the large amount already present. Quantitatively expressed, if the preimmunization titer was 64, the baby would have to manufacture 192 units of antibody in order for the total to add up to a titer of 256, which would be a fourfold rise in titer. pH of gastric contents. Just before giving the vaccine, the gastric content of 39 newborns was aspirated and its pH determined. The majority were found to have a pH of between 1.0 and 3.0, although the range was from 1.0 to 5.8. The variation from baby to baby was too little to permit any correlation of the stomach acidity and the However, no difference has been noted when the virus was given before, as compared to shortly after a milk feeding. Familial spread oj vaccine viruses. The only data so far collected on spread of vaccine viruses are those from two families. In one instance, one of a pair of twins was fed virus, the other was not. The vaccinated infant excreted virus for approximately 12 days. On the 12th day the other twin became infected and excreted for about two weeks. Virus then re-appeared on the 33rd day in the feces of the baby who had been fed originally. Other members of the family, including two siblings three and four years of age and the mother and father, did not become infected. In the second family a four-year-old sibling became infected three weeks after the vaccinated infant was brought into the home. The threeyear-old sibling and the parents did not excrete virus during an observation period of eight weeks. SUMMARY From the limited data so far available it would appear that when fed in the first day of life, the Sabin Type 1 poliovirus vaccine establishes an infection in approximately 80 per cent to 85 per cent of the babies. Infants three months of age are more uniformly susceptible. The level of maternal antibody would appear to have some influence upon the susceptibility of the infant to infection. Most of those babies who never were found to have virus in their feces had maternal antibody levels of 256 or higher. However, this was not an "all or none" phenomenon since a number with maternal antibody TABLE 4. CORRELATION OF THE PRE-IMMUNIZATION NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY TITER WITH THE DEMONSTRATION OF A RISE IN ANTIBODY FOLLOWING IMMUNIZATION IN THREE-MONTH-OLD INFANTS PRE-IMMUNIZATION ANTIBODY TITER RISE ANTIBODY RESPONSE No CHANGE TOTAL 8 OR < 16 TO 256 19 2 3 22 -I _ _ _ _ I_ _ __ _ 13 15 TOTAL 21 16 37
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LIVE POLIO IRUS VACCINES Papers Pre
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SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
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Preface The accumulation of informa
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Page Discussion .......... .......
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Page 6. Vaccination of Full-Term In
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Page 23. Vaccination against Poliom
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Dr. Ghislain COURTOIS Director, Pri
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Dr. Edith PETTE Institute for the R
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4 Introductory Remarks 4 Introducto
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6 General Considerations immunity a
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8 General Considerations from accep
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10 General Considerations 10 Genera
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14 Safety-Laboratory Evidence of At
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- 26 Safety-Laboratory Evidence of
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN ANDERSON: There
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30 Discussion CHAIRMAN ANDERSON: Th
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32 TABLE 1. Safety-Laboratory Evide
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40 Discussion Of the 22 monkeys inf
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN ANDERSON: Thank
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46 Discussion a paralytic case. Thi
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48 Discussion + - + + I + - I + + 1
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50 Discussion sages of neurovirulen
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Application of Genetic Markers to D
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Discussion 67 TABLE 1. INCIDENCE OF
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Experimental Studies on Animals wit
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6. DETECTION OF A "NON-DETECTABLE"
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Detection of a "Non-Detectable" Sim
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Discussion 87 Dr. Koprowski's state
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Discussion 89 recognize its effects
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Laboratory Investigations of Attenu
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Discussion 99 In the case of Table
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8. BEHAVIOR OF COLD MUTANTS OF POLI
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Behavior of Cold Mutants of Poliovi
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN BURNET: Thank y
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114 Safety-Field Evidence of Safety
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118 S afety-Field Evidence of S af
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122 Discussion 122 Discussion~~~~~~
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10. LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS OF TH
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126 VIRUS 1 MAhONEY Safety-Field Ev
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128 Safety-Field Evidence óf Safet
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN ZHDANOV: This p
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11. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND VIROLOGICAL
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12. SPREAD OF A VACCINE STRAIN OF P
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148 Saf ety-Field Evidence of Saf e
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152 Saf ety-Field Evidence of Safet
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN ZHDANOV: The pa
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158 Discussion 158 Díscussion~~~~~
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160 Discussion specimens. We were u
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. . . 168 Safety-Field Evidence of
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14. THE CAPACITY OF LIVE ATTENUATED
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176 Saf ety-Field Evidence of Saf e
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Field, Laboratory Experiences With
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16. STUDIES ON LIVE POLIOVIRUS VACC
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Studies on Live Poliovirus Vaccine
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Da. HORSTMANN: If I may answer for
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Discussion 205 Discussion 205 tried
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NOTE: The Spanish translation of th
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Vaccination of Pregnant Women and Y
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Development and Persistence of Poli
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Virologic, Serologic Investigations
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Page 272 and 273: Virologic, Serologic Investigations
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Page 306 and 307: Experimental Infectionwith CHATAtte
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Minnesota Studies with Oral Poliomy
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13. USE OF ATTENUATED LIVE POLIOVIR
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Use of Attenuated Live Poliovirus V
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Use of Attenuated Live Poliovirus V
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN LÉPINE: The tw
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Discussion 373 -~~~~~~ics o 7 domin
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Discussion 375 -~ ~~~~isuso 7 DR. C
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i 14. EFFECTS OF RAPID MASS IMMUNIZ
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Live Poliovirus Immunization-Condit
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Use of Sabin's Live Poliovirus Vacc
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- Use of Sabin's Live Poliovirus Va
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TABLE 14. Use of Sabin's Live Polio
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Discussion 411 DR. ANDERSON: My que
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Course of Mass Immunization in USSR
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, _ _ Course of Mass Immunization i
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN LÉPINE: Thank
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Discussion 431 DR. STUART-HARRIS: I
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436 Efficacy-Field Evidence TABLE 1
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438 Efficacy-Field Evidence Adminis
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444 Effcaey-Field Evidence 44 Efiay
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446 Efficacy-Field Evidence 446 Eff
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448 Efficacy-Field Evidence 448 lEf
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450 Efficacy-Field Evidence m Co 0
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452 Efficacy-Field Evidence ] ~~ ~
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454 Efficacy-Field Evidence It is n
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456 Efficacy-Field Evidence M.G. C
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460 460 Discussion Discussion~~~~~~
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462 Discussion one was sponsored by
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Vaccination with CHAT Strain Type 1
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Live Virus Vaccine Studies in South
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Discussion 481 the ages of the five
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Immunological and Epidemiological E
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN STUART-HARRIS:
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Further Observations on First Field
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Further Observations Qn First Field
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Further Observations on First FielJ
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Poliomyelitis Vaccination in Poland
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24. A SMALL-SCALE TRIAL WITH LIVE P
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Live Poliomyelitis Vaccine-Small-Sc
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25. VACCINATION AND CHALLENGE-POLIO
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Vaccination and Challenge-Poliomyel
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26. VACCINATION WITH ATTENUATED POL
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Vaccination with Attenuated Poliovi
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Discussion 575 ence last year. The
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Large-Scale Practical Trials, Use o
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594 Discussion 594 Disenísion ~ ~
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596 Discussion 596 Díscussion~~~~~
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598 Discussion 598 Discussion high
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602 Summary of the Conference 602 S
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Appendix The following letter was r
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608 Index Antibodies-continued half
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610 Index Bulychev, N. P., paper, 4
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612 Index Coxsackie--continued B-3
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614 Index Epidemics-continued intro
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616 Index Genetic stability-continu
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618 Index Infants-continued source
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620 Index Laboratory surveillance d
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622 Index Monkey neurovirulence, 95
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624 Index pH neutralization test, 6
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626 Index Poliomyelitis virus-conti
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628 Index Serological response-cont
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630 Index T marker-continued T- str
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632 Index Vaccine, Attenuated-conti
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634 Index Virus isolations and anti
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LIVE POLIO IRUS VACCINES

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