LIVE POLIO IRUS VACCINES

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Discussion 481 the ages of the five children referred to in Table 8 are one year, 15 months, one year, three years, and 18 months. There was also a question asked of me in private which I might answer to clear up any confusion there might be. The calculation of efficacy was made on the basis of considering all cases, regardless of their known or unknown etiology. In other words, Type 3 cases were included in the calculation. CHAIRMAN RHODES: We shall now proceed with Dr. Smorodintsev's paper on "Material on the Immunological and Epidemiological Effectiveness of Live Poliomyelitis Vaccine." The discussion on this paper will take place during the eighth session.
21. MATERIAL ON THE IMMUNOLOGICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EFFECTIVENESS OF <strong>LIVE</strong> <strong>POLIO</strong>MYELITIS VACCINE A. A. SMORODINTSEV, A. I. DROBYSHEVSKAYA, N. P. BULYCHEV, O. M. CHALKINA, G. M. GROISMAN, V. I. ILYENKO, R. A. KANTOROVICH, L. M. KURNOSOVA, K. G. VASILIEV, V. I. VOTIAKOV, AND G. P. ZHILOVA Virology Department, Institute of Experimental Medicine, USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Leningrad, USSR DR. SMORODINTSEV (presenting the paper): The extensive use of Salk's inactivated virus vaccine for poliomyelitis control during the last few years, has not eliminated the danger of paralytic forms of the disease developing in triply-vaccinated children, and has had no effect on the circulation of the virus among vaccinated subjects. The limited duration of post-vaccinal immunity has made reimmunization necessary after completion of the schedule of three recommended inoculations. The fact that 150 monkeys are needed for production of every million dose of killed-virus vaccine, has already created great difficulties in the supply of monkeys for the ever-expanding manufacture of this wasteful preparation. Nowadays, large-scale production of the complex, expensive, and insufficiently effective Salk vaccine, which involves additional scarring of children because of the repeated injections required, is quite unnecessary in view of the fact that its place can be taken altogether by a more effective, completely harmless live vaccine for oral administration, easy to produce and to use, prepared from the A. B. Sabin or H. Koprowski attenuated strains.' 3 The live vaccine is free from the main defects of the Salk vaccine. It not only establishes longlasting humoral immunity, which prevents the virus from invading the central nervous system, but also renders the intestinal tract highly insusceptible, thus making it difficult for the causative agent to multiply and spread to other susceptible organisms. The live vaccine provides an opportunity for solving a most important epidemiological problem-the curbing and eliminating of the immense hordes of highly pathogenic wild viruses 482 prevalent in our child population. This is a task quite beyond the powers of the killed vaccine. The large-scale trials carried out in the USSR in 1959, by the Institute of Experimental Medicine and the Institute for Poliomyelitis Research of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences for the purpose of assessing the epidemiological effectiveness against poliomyelitis of the live vaccine prepared from the Sabin strains in about 3,000,000 children vaccinated in April-May (before the beginning of the seasonal rise in the incidence of the disease), were made possible by the research carried out by our laboratory in 1956- 1958. During those years, we assumed the responsibility of testing the harmlessness and immunogenic properties of the Sabin vaccinal strains on gradually increasing numbers of young children. This made it possible by the end of 1958 to give an affirmative reply to the basic question of whether the live vaccine was harmless and effective on the basis of data obtained from laboratory and clinical examinations of 2,500 healthy children of preschool age inoculated with the live vaccine produced in Leningrad.'5 The results of this work, carried out in close cooperation with the Nervous Diseases Clinic of the Leningrad Medical Pediatric Institute (Director, E. F. Davidenkova) and the Infectious Diseases Clinic of the Leningrad Institute of Medical Sanitation and Hygiene (Director, V. V. Kosmachevski), showed the complete harmlessness of the live vaccine, both for the children actually inoculated and for uninoculated susceptible children in close contact with them. Observation of vaccinated and non-vaccinated children over a period of two years showed that
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LIVE POLIO IRUS VACCINES Papers Pre
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SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
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Preface The accumulation of informa
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Page 6. Vaccination of Full-Term In
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Page 23. Vaccination against Poliom
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Dr. Ghislain COURTOIS Director, Pri
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Dr. Edith PETTE Institute for the R
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4 Introductory Remarks 4 Introducto
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6 General Considerations immunity a
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8 General Considerations from accep
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10 General Considerations 10 Genera
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14 Safety-Laboratory Evidence of At
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- 26 Safety-Laboratory Evidence of
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN ANDERSON: There
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30 Discussion CHAIRMAN ANDERSON: Th
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32 TABLE 1. Safety-Laboratory Evide
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40 Discussion Of the 22 monkeys inf
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN ANDERSON: Thank
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46 Discussion a paralytic case. Thi
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48 Discussion + - + + I + - I + + 1
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50 Discussion sages of neurovirulen
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Application of Genetic Markers to D
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Discussion 67 TABLE 1. INCIDENCE OF
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Experimental Studies on Animals wit
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6. DETECTION OF A "NON-DETECTABLE"
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Detection of a "Non-Detectable" Sim
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Discussion 87 Dr. Koprowski's state
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Discussion 89 recognize its effects
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Laboratory Investigations of Attenu
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Discussion 99 In the case of Table
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8. BEHAVIOR OF COLD MUTANTS OF POLI
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Behavior of Cold Mutants of Poliovi
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN BURNET: Thank y
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114 Safety-Field Evidence of Safety
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118 S afety-Field Evidence of S af
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122 Discussion 122 Discussion~~~~~~
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10. LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS OF TH
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126 VIRUS 1 MAhONEY Safety-Field Ev
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128 Safety-Field Evidence óf Safet
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN ZHDANOV: This p
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11. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND VIROLOGICAL
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12. SPREAD OF A VACCINE STRAIN OF P
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148 Saf ety-Field Evidence of Saf e
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152 Saf ety-Field Evidence of Safet
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN ZHDANOV: The pa
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158 Discussion 158 Díscussion~~~~~
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160 Discussion specimens. We were u
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. . . 168 Safety-Field Evidence of
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14. THE CAPACITY OF LIVE ATTENUATED
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176 Saf ety-Field Evidence of Saf e
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Field, Laboratory Experiences With
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16. STUDIES ON LIVE POLIOVIRUS VACC
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Studies on Live Poliovirus Vaccine
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Da. HORSTMANN: If I may answer for
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Discussion 205 Discussion 205 tried
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NOTE: The Spanish translation of th
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Vaccination of Pregnant Women and Y
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Development and Persistence of Poli
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Virologic, Serologic Investigations
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_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Virologic, Serologi
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cARE NUC:4I Discussion 267 CUAw # J
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Discussion 269 in the investigation
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Virological Findings, Antibody Resp
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4. ROUTINE IMMUNIZATION WITH ATTENU
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Routine Immunization With Attenuate
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Experimental Infectionwith CHATAtte
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Experimental Infection with CHATAtt
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Experimental Infection with CHATAtt
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Vaccination of Full-Term Infants wi
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Response of Newborn Infants to Vacc
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Susceptibility of Newborn Infants t
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9. IMMUNIZATION OF NEWBORN INFANTS
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Immunization of Newborn Infants wit
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Discussion 323 vaccinated siblings
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Discussion 325 Discussion 325 ance
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transplacental antibodies, or antib
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Discussion 329 Discussion 329 born
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Recent Experience with Lederle Triv
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11. FURTHER EXPERIENCES WITH ORAL P
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Further Experiences with Oral Polio
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Minnesota Studies with Oral Poliomy
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13. USE OF ATTENUATED LIVE POLIOVIR
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Use of Attenuated Live Poliovirus V
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Use of Attenuated Live Poliovirus V
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN LÉPINE: The tw
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Discussion 373 -~~~~~~ics o 7 domin
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Discussion 375 -~ ~~~~isuso 7 DR. C
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i 14. EFFECTS OF RAPID MASS IMMUNIZ
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Live Poliovirus Immunization-Condit
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Use of Sabin's Live Poliovirus Vacc
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- Use of Sabin's Live Poliovirus Va
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TABLE 14. Use of Sabin's Live Polio
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Discussion 411 DR. ANDERSON: My que
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Course of Mass Immunization in USSR
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, _ _ Course of Mass Immunization i
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DISCUSSION CHAIRMAN LÉPINE: Thank
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Poliomyelitis Vaccination in Poland
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24. A SMALL-SCALE TRIAL WITH LIVE P
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Live Poliomyelitis Vaccine-Small-Sc
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25. VACCINATION AND CHALLENGE-POLIO
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Vaccination and Challenge-Poliomyel
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26. VACCINATION WITH ATTENUATED POL
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Vaccination with Attenuated Poliovi
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Discussion 575 ence last year. The
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Large-Scale Practical Trials, Use o
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592 Discussion 592 Discussion~~~~~~
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594 Discussion 594 Disenísion ~ ~
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596 Discussion 596 Díscussion~~~~~
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598 Discussion 598 Discussion high
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602 Summary of the Conference 602 S
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Appendix The following letter was r
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608 Index Antibodies-continued half
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610 Index Bulychev, N. P., paper, 4
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612 Index Coxsackie--continued B-3
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614 Index Epidemics-continued intro
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616 Index Genetic stability-continu
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618 Index Infants-continued source
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620 Index Laboratory surveillance d
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622 Index Monkey neurovirulence, 95
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624 Index pH neutralization test, 6
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626 Index Poliomyelitis virus-conti
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628 Index Serological response-cont
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630 Index T marker-continued T- str
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632 Index Vaccine, Attenuated-conti
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634 Index Virus isolations and anti
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