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Danijela Stefanoviã
EGYPT AND NUBIA DURING THE MIDDLE KINGDOM
(ca. 2055—1650. B.C.)
Summary
Nubia is part of the Nile Valley, and it lies partly in southern Egypt
(Lower Nubia) and partly in northern Sudan (Upper Nubia). In the north,
its boundary is approximately the area of modern Aswan (Egypt). It extends
southward, along the Nile, to about the area of modern Khartoum
(Sudan). The Egyptians had a generic name for the Nubians: Nehesy. Nevertheless,
the Egyptians in their writings also distinguished by name many
different Nubian tribes and places. About 2300 B.C., three small independent
chiefdoms emerged in Lower Nubia called Wawat, Irtjet, and Setju,
and each was said to have been ruled by a “great man". In Upper Nubia,
there was at the same time a kingdom called Yam, which after 2000 B.C.,
was replaced by another called Kush. In time, Kush absorbed the others
and ultimately gave its name to most of Nubia. Beyond Kush to the south
was another vaguely defined area called Irem. There were, for example,
nomadic dwellers in the eastern desert called Medjai (probably the ancestors
of the modern “Beja") and others in the western desert called Tjemehu.
From the beginning of Egyptian dynastic history (ca. 3000 B.C.) onward,
there was mutual influence of this country and Nubia. Egyptians
very early developed an interest in some of Nubian exportable resources.
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