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(CUT), the main trade union confederation of Brazil 204 . Foreign policy haspresented something of a dilemma for each party, as their legacy of struggle hasincurred debts in inconvenient places. At the same time, their professedcommitments to social and political rights domestically have generated highexpectations about their conduct in international affairs. Each party has sought tomeet this challenge by proclaiming foreign policies based on the internationalistprinciples of solidarity with the developing world; the peaceful resolution ofconflicts; the primacy of multilateralism; and, the promotion of democracy andhuman rights. 205This chapter is divided into two main sections, dealing with South Africa and Brazil,respectively. Each section details the institutional arrangements for foreignpolicymaking and the constitutional and intra-party dynamics affecting foreignpolicymaking, before discussing the general historical international outlook of eachstate. The central aim of this chapter is to highlight the institutional frameworkwithin which each governing party operates regarding foreign policymaking. Thequestion of the evolution of each individual party’s foreign policy positions will beaddressed in the case study chapters.4.1. South Africa: Internationalism, all the ANC’s way?Foreign policy has famously been a non-issue in the electoral politics of SouthAfrica. Analysts noted how even the government’s policies on Zimbabwe andHIV/AIDS – which saw it fall foul of its allies in COSATU and the South AfricanCommunist Party (SACP) – failed to put a dent in its showing in the 2004 generalelection, which it won by a margin of 69,68 percent. 206 By the same token, thepersistence of the ‘quiet diplomacy’ policy in the face of opposition from the ANC’salliance partners in an election year gave a fair indication of the locus of foreignpolicymaking, and how much would be yielded by state president Thabo Mbeki.204 PT itself was born of trade union activism. This is elaborated upon in later sections.205 African National Congress, 1994, “Foreign Policy Perspective in a Democratic SouthAfrica”, accessed online at: http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/policy/foreign.html on 12August 2010; Partido dos Trabalhadores, 2010. “The Workers’ Party (PT) internationalpolicy”, PT Secretaria de Relacoes Internacionais, p15.206 Roger Southall and John Daniel, “Chapter 2: The state of the parties post-election2004: ANC dominance and opposition enfeeblement”, State of the Nation: South Africa2004-2005 (Durban: HSRC Press, 2005).108