Download - LSE Theses Online - London School of Economics and ...

oader strategic foreign policy approaches of these powers, and how, morenarrowly, they conduct themselves outside the domain of economics. 1What is it to be an ‘emerging power’? 2 What determines ‘emergence’ in the newinternational setting that has prevailed since the end of the Cold War? In the flurryof acronyms which have attended the rise of new regional and, potentially, globalpowers, analysts have lost sight of the foreign policy trajectories and systemicenvironment that makes possible the emergence of new powers. Have the statesidentified as new powers consciously sought to become great powers, or regionalpowers? What are the domestic decision-making environments that condition theirrise? What are the external opportunities and constraints?These themes – of a new world order, of rising economic strength andresponsibility, of global justice, and of old-fashioned power politics – have beenscantly addressed in relation to the new emerging powers. 3 South Africa and Brazil,in particular, have sought to frame their foreign policies in mostly conciliatoryterms, premised on moral concepts, such as international justice, solidarity,multilateralism and equitable representation of the developing world in globaldecision-making forums. The rise of new powers has historically been accompaniedby great dislocation, instability, and often violence in international politics. Yet, theprojection of these two new regional powers in Africa and Latin America,respectively, has been attended by a new type of international politics, characterised1 Examples of recent works considering the economic dimension include Parag Khanna,The second world: how emerging powers are redefining global competition in thetwenty-first century (London: Random House, 2009); Alice H. Amsden, The Rise of “TheRest”: Challenges to the West from Late-Industrializing Economies (Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 2003); Fareed Zakaria, The Post-American World (New York &London: WW Norton and Company, 2008).2 The terms ‘emerging power’ and ‘intermediate power’ will be used interchangeably inthis thesis. While the term ‘middle power’ will also be used along with the two termsaforementioned, it is noted that there is a considerable literature that has been spawnedby this category of power in international affairs, but that this does not affect the use ofthe term here. This will be discussed briefly in Chapter 2.3 Important exceptions include, Andrew Hurrell, “Hegemony, Liberalism and GlobalOrder”, International Affairs, 82, No.1 (2006): 1-19; Chris Alden and Marco AntonioVieira, “The new diplomacy of the South: South Africa, Brazil, India and trilateralism”,Third World Quarterly, 26, No. 7 (2005): 1077-1095; Leslie Elliott Armijo, “The BRICscountries (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) as Analytical Category: Mirage or Insight?”,Asian Perspective, Vol. 31, No. 4 (2007): 7-42.19