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of Brazil. In this discussion, Brazil’s experiences with internationalism in historicalperspective are analysed. This will facilitate an appreciation of the longstandingtraditions and cyclical nature of some ideas in Brazilian foreign policy. Anexamination of the salient features of Fernando Henrique Cardoso’s foreign policywill be conducted. This is followed by an analysis of Partido dos Trabalhadores in theforeign policy field. The third section discusses resource mobilisation and extractionfor Brazil’s activist foreign policy under Lula.What is the connection between Brazil’s chosen method of power projection andthe influence of a new governing party, PT, on foreign policy? How can neoclassicalrealism explain Brazilian foreign policy under the Lula administrations? The twoLula administrations, which governed Brazil from 2003 to the end of 2010,constitute the period under consideration for this case study. ‘Major foreign policyactions’ are classed as those that entailed the deployment of military forces, or theallocation of monetary and other (i.e. personnel) resources, by the Brazilian state.An internationalist approach to foreign policy does not make cast-iron predictionsabout foreign policy. Nonetheless, it claims that international disputes will be settledby non-violent means; that military deployments will be made multilaterally, ratherthan unilaterally; that solidarity with the developing world will be favoured; and, thatthe diplomatic norm of non-interference will be adhered to in most cases.6.1. Brazil: An ideological internationalist?Brazil’s continental dimensions, plentiful natural resources, and linguistic singularityin Spanish South America render it a rather insular national community. Thisinsularity has led Brazilian political leadership throughout the last two centuries tocultivate for the nation an identity of exceptionalism and potential grandeur ininternational affairs. 462 Brazil’s beginnings as a Portuguese colony, the temporaryestablishment of the Portuguese court at Rio de Janeiro during the Napoleoniccampaigns in Europe, and its relatively peaceful experience of nation-building, areall factors in this pervasive sense of exceptionalism.462 Lima and Hirst, “Brazil as an intermediate state”, 21.194