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• The nature of internationalism outside the West;• The weaknesses of FPA with regard to the foreign policy of states in theGlobal South;• The role of domestic politics, especially governing parties, in shaping thecapabilities of states to respond to systemic imperatives, such as relativechanges in international power;• Alternative routes to power in the contemporary international context; and,• The broader question of the continuing poverty of International Relationstheory with respect to the foreign affairs of the developing world,encompassing two specific areas, namely the marginalisation of thedeveloping world from studies of internationalism; and, the overlooking ofagency in the developing world.To what extent does internationalism condition the foreign policies of South Africa and Brazil?An unspoken question in contemporary commentaries on the changing world orderis ‘whose side are they on’?, in reference to emerging powers such as South Africa,Brazil and India. While their multilateral activism is sometimes viewed as a threat, ithas roots in the attempts to manage complex domestic challenges and competingforeign policy demands. The type of ‘internationalism’ that results, whetherconflictual or cooperative, bears great significance for the future of regional andglobal order. What this analysis has aimed to steer clear of is the typicaldichotomising of periphery-core relations in terms of West/capitalism/humanrights/democracy v. Non-west/socialism/repression/autocracy. The choices foremerging powers such as South Africa and Brazil have been couched largely in theseterms, both by their own respective domestic critics and proponents, as well as theinternational mainstream media, characterised by the Economist, for example. 701Yet, little account is taken of domestic politics and the differential between nationalpower and expendable state power. As has been shown in Chapters 5 and 6,decision-makers do not always have access to the required state resources for theimplementation of foreign policy. Furthermore, ideational and identity-related701 See The Economist, “Lula and his squabbling friends”, Vol. 392 Issue 8644, p31-32;also, “Whose side is Brazil on?”, The Economist, Vol. 392 Issue 8644, p10. On SouthAfrica, see “South Africa and the World: The see-no-evil foreign policy”, The Economist,November 13, 2008.277