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contributors). 1986. How Foreign Policy Decisions are Made in the Third World: AComparative Analysis. Westview Press: Boulder and London, pp113-137.Döpcke, Wolfgang. 2003. “Foreign Policy and Political Regime: The Case of SouthAfrica”, in Foreign Policy and Political Regime, pp277-320, José Flávio Sombra Saraiva(ed.). Instituto Brasileiro de Relações Internacionais: Brasília.Dunne, Tim. 2008. “Good Citizen Europe”, in International Affairs, Vol.84, Issue 1,pp13-28.East, Maurice and Justin Robertson (eds.). 2005. Diplomacy and Developing Nations:post-Cold War foreign policy-making structures and processes. Routledge: Abingdon.Economist Intelligence Unit. South Africa Country Reports: September andDecember, 2006.______. South Africa Country Report, December 2005.______. Brazil Country Reports, 2003-2009.Ellis, Stephen and Tsepo Sechaba. 1992. Comrades against Apartheid: The ANC & theSouth African Communist Party in Exile. Indiana University Press: Bloomington.Elman, Miriam Fendius. 2001. “Presidentialism, Parliamentarism and Theories ofDemocratic Peace”, Security Studies, Vol. 9, Issue 4, Summer 2000, pp91-126.Evans, Graham. 1996. “South Africa in Remission: the Foreign Policy of an AlteredState”, in The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 34, No.2, pp249-269.______.1999. “The End of the Rainbow,” in The World Today, January 1999, pp10-12.______. 1999. “South Africa’s Foreign Policy After Mandela: Mbeki and HisConcept of An African Renaissance”, in The Round Table, Vol.88, No. 352, pp621-628.Faro de Castro, Marcus and Maria Izabel Valladão de Carvalho. 2003.“Globalization and Recent Political Transitions in Brazil”, in International PoliticalScience Review, Vol.24, No.4, October 2003, pp465-490.Fawcett, Louise. 1999. “Conclusion: Whither the Third World?”, pp234-247, inFawcett, Louise and Yezid Sayigh (eds.). 1999. The Third World Beyond the Cold War:Continuity and Change. Oxford University Press: Oxford.Feinstein, Andrew. 2009. After the Party: Corruption, the ANC and South Africa’sUncertain Future. Verso: London and New York.Feldman, Yana. No date. “Brazil”. SIPRI website. Accessed athttp://www.sipri.org/research/disarmament/nuclear/researchissues/past_projects/issues_of_concern/brazil/brazil_default on 5 May, 2011.358
Filho, Wladimir Valler. 2007. O Brasil e a crise Haitiana: A cooperação técnica comoinstrumento de solidariedade e de ação diplomática. Fundação Alexandre Gusmão, Brasília.Fleury, Sonia. 2006. ‘O conselho de desenvolvimento economico e social dogoverno Lula.Folha Online. 2007. “Leia íntegra das respostas de Valter Pomar”. Folha.com.accessed online at: http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/brasil/ult96u349895.shtmlon 5 December 2010.Folha.com, 2011. “Marco Aurélio Garcia não quer Aristide volte á política haitiana”,14 January, 2011. Accessed online at:http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/859680-marco-aurelio-garcia-nao-quer-quearistide-volte-a-politica-haitiana-leia-em-ingles.shtmlon 6 June, 2011.Fonseca, Jr, Gelson. 1988. “Studies on International Relations in Brazil: RecentTimes (1950-80)”, in Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol.16, No.2, pp273-278.Fontoura, Paulo Roberto Campos Tarrisse da. 2005. O Brasil e as Operações deManutenção da Paz das Nações Unidas. 2005.Forbes. 2005. “Mbeki fires corruption-tainted deputy president Zuma”, 14 June,2005. Accessed athttp://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2005/06/14/afx2092126.html on 23 February2011.Fry, Peter. 2000. “Politics, Nationality, and the Meanings of “Race” in Brazil”, inDaedalus, Vol. 129, No.2, pp83-118: 103.Ganguly, Sumit (ed.). 2003. India as an Emerging Power. Frank Cass: London.Garcia, Marco Aurélio. 2003. “Brazilian future”, in OpenDemocracy, 16 July 2003,accessed online at: http://www.opendemocracy.net/democracythink_tank/article_1367.jspon 30 September, 2010.GCIS. 2009. South Africa Yearbook 2008/9.Gevisser, Mark. 2007. Thabo Mbeki: The Dream Deferred. Jonathan Ball Publishers:Cape Town.Gilbert, Alan. 1978. “Marx on Internationalism and War”, in Philosophy and PublicAffairs, Vol.7, No.4, (Summer, 1978), pp346-369.Glass, Verena. 2004. “Brasil no Haiti será laranja dos EUA, dizem ativistas”, inCarta Maior, Accessed online at:http://www.rebelion.org/hemeroteca/brasil/040519glass.htm on 5 December,2010.Gleijeses, Piero. 2002. Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington and Africa, 1959-1976.University of North Carolina Press: Chapel Hill.359
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To my parents, Christopher and Vali
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSNothing that preced
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LIST OF SIGNIFICANT ACRONYMS AND AB
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PTRDPSACPSADCSPLMSWAPOUNCTADUNMIHUN
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Chapter 7 The New Internationalists
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Chapter 1: Introduction1.1. Context
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overwhelmingly, yet not completely,
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Hence, shifts in the international
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antipathy of the IR literature to a
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frowned upon by developed and devel
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identify cases - and these were num
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politics and political lobbying. Th
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This is followed by the presentatio
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emerging powers Brazil, Russia, Ind
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decades. More a collection of works
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exercised more frequently, where th
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The role of left-leaning political
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outcomes? Which instruments have th
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percent. 56 In South Africa, Blacks
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Brazil, because in engaging in this
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which domestic institutional arrang
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Chapter 2: Internationalism in the
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potentially providing indications o
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and most important, that these two
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According to Goldmann, internationa
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granted that states will always hav
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transformation in the anarchical in
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2.2.3 Post-Cold WarThe immediate af
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emains a rallying cry in contempora
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their stress on peaceful settlement
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epresentation; and peaceful mechani
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experienced international marginali
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colonial state. 136 The commitment
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dominant nations which may hope to
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domestic welfare arrangements and f
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foreign policy. The latter include
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adjust to shifts in their internati
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to seemingly altruistic or ‘ethic
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ethics may underpin the same foreig
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As noted by Taliaferro, however, ne
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Systemic Constraints :AnarchyRelati
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Neorealism’s emphasis on the syst
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the executive (i.e. Lead ministries
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individuals - located at the “int
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argument, and rational cost-benefit
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nature of interim or transitional g
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The neoclassical realist framework
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104
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practicable and analytically releva
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(CUT), the main trade union confede
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These incipient foreign policy prin
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each province, consisting of 10 del
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While this figure is small in globa
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mercantilist’, 238 or ‘revoluti
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The party’s commitment to the pro
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2. Strengthening of South-South Co-
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Some of South Africa’s accomplish
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slavery. Even Brazil’s participat
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that was seen to be experiencing a
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The Presidency makes foreign policy
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and socialisation practices, as wel
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members were negotiated. 296 Recent
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President Lula’s second and last
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4.2.3. International OutlookBrazil
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linguistic distinction from its Spa
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welfare measures. The party’s rel
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142
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missions and disaster relief. Yet,
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international orientation. Most of
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electoral system. The following sec
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identity changed as the challenges
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to the United States, with the atte
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eforms undertaken in the mid-1980s.
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ecognised as the ‘sole legitimate
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whole world. ANC solidarity was not
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1994, 370 placing tangible limits o
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The organisation’s main shortcomi
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Much of Mandela’s tenure as Presi
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with more wealthy donors in the Glo
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complicates the task of separating
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Thabo Mbeki was frequently lampoone
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the social-democratic Reconstructio
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At the helm of DFA were two individ
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policy. One, which is less signific
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Globally, the United States and its
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South Africa under Mbeki had decide
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his support for Mugabe against the
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on Participation in International P
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(FOCAC) Conference in November. The
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Mbeki’s last full year in office,
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190
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international norms and regimes. 45
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of Brazil. In this discussion, Braz
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This period came to an end during t
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This dilemma - the choice between c
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on so-called ‘cultural diplomacy
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exchange rate movements and the cap
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and conflict resolution under the W
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Brazil’s military capabilities ar
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shifts in its approach to Brazil’
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een required of PT as a party of th
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A number of scholars are agreed tha
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leader…espousing a populist polit
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foreign policy document, it was the
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election campaign, a rarity for a f
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alumni, have been the subject of mu
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6.5. Criticism from other political
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- the 2001 attacks on the United St
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Middle East, but they also appeared
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limitations on its capacities for w
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São Tomé and Principe, Ethiopia a
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emphasised the principle of non-int
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US$180 bn, compared to US$85 bn the
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underscored by increased military s
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country enjoyed, and by the apparen
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Chapter 7: The New Internationalist
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from their repeatedly-stated commit
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On this occasion the force was able
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Instead, France and the US were mor
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and groups in their efforts to prom
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to the leader of the Parliamentary
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Aristide’s birthday, our people w
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7.4. Brazil’s strategy on Haiti:
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taken by two branches of the armed
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esolutions). 664 A primary example
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However, Haiti was not merely a hum
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to share its experiences of securin
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giving near-automatic assent to the
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• Universalism, and• Internatio
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A prominent official discourse on t
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so this was an issue area that was
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Part III: Thematic Discussion and C
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Chapter 8: Neoclassical Realism, In
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policymaking elites of these states
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commitments have a substantial impa
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The resulting statement that the fi
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In South Africa, the intervening va
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liberation movement, has assumed mo
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South Africa expanded its engagemen
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more pragmatic, without losing sigh
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at the unit-level, where the state
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falls short of capturing the full g
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a political or material nature, in
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It is also plausible to expect that
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national capabilities and therewith
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300
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Appendix 1: Brazilian Presidents si
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1910: Formation of the Union of Sou
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2004: ANC wins landslide election v
Page 308 and 309: 1960: Jânio Quadro is elected pres
Page 310 and 311: Renan Calheiros, speaker of the Sen
Page 312 and 313: 31 May 2004: Jean-Bertrand Aristide
Page 314 and 315: SeptemberOctoberNovemberDecemberMap
Page 316 and 317: OctoberNovemberDecember11: South Af
Page 318 and 319: JuneJuly23: South Africa participat
Page 320 and 321: OctoberNovemberreadiness for South
Page 322 and 323: FebruaryMarchSouth Africa establish
Page 324 and 325: June 2006, legislative andmunicipal
Page 326 and 327: FebruaryKuwaiti deputy premier visi
Page 328 and 329: Appendix 6: Selected Brazilian Inte
Page 330 and 331: agreement proposed by theUSA to gra
Page 332 and 333: in Iran.2004JanuaryLula visits Indi
Page 334 and 335: Brazil is successful in its cottond
Page 336 and 337: Brazil opens Consulates-General in
Page 338 and 339: and MINUSTAH authorities.OctoberNov
Page 340 and 341: Maythe installation ofEMPBRAPA’s
Page 342 and 343: Honduras and Nicaragua withthe Inte
Page 344 and 345: NovemberLula requests Minister Amor
Page 346 and 347: AprilMayJuneJulyand the Palestinian
Page 348 and 349: REFERENCESList of InterviewsBrazilL
Page 350 and 351: ______, Sally Morphet and Marco Ant
Page 352 and 353: ______. 2004. “Aristide arrives i
Page 354 and 355: ______, Jacqueline Anne. 2003. “C
Page 356 and 357: Connors, Michael E. Connors. 2005.
Page 360 and 361: Glenn, John. 2009. “Realism versu
Page 362 and 363: Hirst, Monica. 2009. “South Ameri
Page 364 and 365: Jönsson, Christer. 2002. “Chapte
Page 366 and 367: Lipton, Merle. 2009. “Understandi
Page 368 and 369: ______. 2004. “State of the Natio
Page 370 and 371: International Studies Convention, L
Page 372 and 373: Pfister, Roger. 2003. “Gateway to
Page 374 and 375: Samuels, David. 2004. “From Socia
Page 376 and 377: ______. 2003. “Culture(s) of the
Page 378 and 379: UOL Notícias. 2009. “Celso Amori
Page 380: World Bank. 2009. Gross Domestic Pr
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