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Hirst, Monica. 2009. “South American Intervention in Haiti”, in Hamann, Eduarda(ed.). Revisiting Borders between Civilians and Military: Security and Development in PeaceOperations and Post-conflict Situations. Viva Rio: Rio., pp101-109.Hobson, John M. 2000. The State and International Relations. Cambridge UniversityPress: Cambridge.Hoffman, Stanley. 1995. “The Crisis of Liberal Internationalism”, in Foreign Policy,No. 98, Spring 1995, pp159-177.Holbraad, Carsten. 2003. Internationalism and nationalism in European political thought.Palgrave Macmillan: Basingstoke.Holm, Hans-Henrik. 1990. “The End of the Third World?”, in Journal of PeaceResearch, Vol. 27, No.1, (February 1990), pp1-7.Holsti, KJ. 1998. “International Relations Theory and Domestic War in the ThirdWorld: The Limits of Relevance”, pp103-132, in Neumann, Stephanie G. (ed.) 1998.International Relations Theory and the Third World. Palgrave Macmillan: Basingstoke.Howland, Todd. 2006. “Peacekeeping and Conformity with Human Rights Law:How MINUSTAH Falls Short in Haiti”, in International Peacekeeping, Vol. 13, No. 4,pp 462-476.Hudson, Rex A. (ed.). 1997. Brazil: A Country Study. Washington GPO for theLibrary of Congress: Washington, DC. Accessed online at:http://countrystudies.us/brazil/ on 20 April, 2010.Hudson, Valerie. 2007. Foreign Policy Analysis: Classic and Contemporary Theory.Rowman and Littlefield Publishers: Plymouth.Hunter, Wendy. 1994. “The Brazilian Military after the Cold War: In Search of aMission”, in Studies in Comparative International Development, Vol. 28, No.4, pp31-49.______. 2007. “The Normalization of an Anomaly: The Workers’ Party in Brazil”,in World Politics, Vol. 59, No.3, April 2007, pp440-475.______ and Timothy J. Power. 2005. “Lula’s Brazil at Midterm”, in Journal ofDemocracy, Vol. 16, No.3, pp127-139.Hurrell, Andrew. 2006. “Hegemony, liberalism and global order: what space forwould-be great powers?”, in International Affairs, Vol. 82, No.1, pp1-19.______. 2008. “Lula’s Brazil: A Rising Power, but Going Where?”, in CurrentHistory, February, 2008, pp51-57.______. 2010. “Brazil and the New Global Order”, in Current History, Vol. 109 Issue724, pp. 60-66.______. 2010. “Cardoso e o mundo”, pp473-499, in D’Incao, Maria Angela andHermínio Martins. 2010. Democracia, crise e reforma. Paz e Terra: São Paulo.362
______. 2010. “Who speaks for the Global South? Emerging Powers and GlobalJustice”, paper presented at the 51 st International Studies Association Convention,New Orleans, 17-20 February, 2010.IBSA/UNDP South-South Cooperation Website. Accessed online at:http://tcdc2.undp.org/IBSA/Default.aspx on 9 December, 2010.International Monetary Fund. 2009. “Gross Domestic Product”, World DevelopmentIndicators Database, 14 April, 2011. Accessed at:http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf on29 June, 2011.Independent Inquiry Committee, 2005. Report on the Manipulation of the Oil-for-FoodProgramme, 27 October 2005. Accessed online at: http://www.iicoffp.org/story27oct05.htmon 9 November 2010.Independent Online, 22 March, 2009. “Dalai Lama denied South Africa visa afterChina pressure”, accessed online at:http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/03/22/dalai-lama-denied-southa_n_177748.htmlon 23 November, 2010.______. 2005. “Communists elect not to run own poll race”. April 11, 2005.Accessed online at: http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/communists-elect-not-torun-own-poll-race-1.238425,on 27 February, 2011.IRIN. 1999. “Mbeki appointed as first Commonwealth chairman”, 16 November,1999. Accessed online at:http://www.irinnews.org/PrintReport.aspx?ReportID=10559 on 14 June, 2011.Jacobs, Sean and Richard Calland (eds.). 2003. Thabo Mbeki’s World: The Politics andIdeology of the South African President. Zed Books: Cape Town.______, 2003. “Introduction: Thabo Mbeki: Myth and Context”, in Jacobs andCalland (eds.). 2002. Thabo Mbeki’s World: The politics and ideology of the South Africanpresident. Zed Books: Cape Town.Jamaica Observer Online, 3 March, 2004. “Caricom draws South Africa into the loopover Haiti”, accessed online at:http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/56547_Caricom-draws-South-Africa-intothe-loop-over-Haition 22 November, 2010.Johnston, Alexander. 2001. “Democracy and Human Rights in the Principles andPractice of South African Foreign Policy”, pp11-28, in Broderick, Jim, GaryBurford and Gordon Freer (eds.), 2001. South Africa’s Foreign Policy: Dilemmas of aNew Democracy. Palgrave: Houndmills: Basingstoke.Johnston, Alistair I. and Robert S. Ross (eds.). 1999. Engaging China: the management ofan emerging power. Routledge: New York.363
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To my parents, Christopher and Vali
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSNothing that preced
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LIST OF SIGNIFICANT ACRONYMS AND AB
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PTRDPSACPSADCSPLMSWAPOUNCTADUNMIHUN
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Chapter 7 The New Internationalists
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Chapter 1: Introduction1.1. Context
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overwhelmingly, yet not completely,
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Hence, shifts in the international
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antipathy of the IR literature to a
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frowned upon by developed and devel
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identify cases - and these were num
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politics and political lobbying. Th
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This is followed by the presentatio
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emerging powers Brazil, Russia, Ind
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decades. More a collection of works
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exercised more frequently, where th
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The role of left-leaning political
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outcomes? Which instruments have th
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percent. 56 In South Africa, Blacks
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Brazil, because in engaging in this
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which domestic institutional arrang
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Chapter 2: Internationalism in the
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potentially providing indications o
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and most important, that these two
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According to Goldmann, internationa
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granted that states will always hav
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transformation in the anarchical in
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2.2.3 Post-Cold WarThe immediate af
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emains a rallying cry in contempora
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their stress on peaceful settlement
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epresentation; and peaceful mechani
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experienced international marginali
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colonial state. 136 The commitment
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dominant nations which may hope to
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domestic welfare arrangements and f
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foreign policy. The latter include
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adjust to shifts in their internati
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to seemingly altruistic or ‘ethic
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ethics may underpin the same foreig
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As noted by Taliaferro, however, ne
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Systemic Constraints :AnarchyRelati
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Neorealism’s emphasis on the syst
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the executive (i.e. Lead ministries
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individuals - located at the “int
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argument, and rational cost-benefit
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nature of interim or transitional g
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The neoclassical realist framework
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104
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practicable and analytically releva
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(CUT), the main trade union confede
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These incipient foreign policy prin
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each province, consisting of 10 del
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While this figure is small in globa
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mercantilist’, 238 or ‘revoluti
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The party’s commitment to the pro
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2. Strengthening of South-South Co-
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Some of South Africa’s accomplish
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slavery. Even Brazil’s participat
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that was seen to be experiencing a
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The Presidency makes foreign policy
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and socialisation practices, as wel
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members were negotiated. 296 Recent
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President Lula’s second and last
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4.2.3. International OutlookBrazil
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linguistic distinction from its Spa
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welfare measures. The party’s rel
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142
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missions and disaster relief. Yet,
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international orientation. Most of
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electoral system. The following sec
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identity changed as the challenges
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to the United States, with the atte
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eforms undertaken in the mid-1980s.
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ecognised as the ‘sole legitimate
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whole world. ANC solidarity was not
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1994, 370 placing tangible limits o
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The organisation’s main shortcomi
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Much of Mandela’s tenure as Presi
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with more wealthy donors in the Glo
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complicates the task of separating
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Thabo Mbeki was frequently lampoone
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the social-democratic Reconstructio
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At the helm of DFA were two individ
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policy. One, which is less signific
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Globally, the United States and its
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South Africa under Mbeki had decide
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his support for Mugabe against the
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on Participation in International P
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(FOCAC) Conference in November. The
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Mbeki’s last full year in office,
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190
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international norms and regimes. 45
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of Brazil. In this discussion, Braz
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This period came to an end during t
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This dilemma - the choice between c
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on so-called ‘cultural diplomacy
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exchange rate movements and the cap
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and conflict resolution under the W
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Brazil’s military capabilities ar
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shifts in its approach to Brazil’
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een required of PT as a party of th
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A number of scholars are agreed tha
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leader…espousing a populist polit
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foreign policy document, it was the
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election campaign, a rarity for a f
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alumni, have been the subject of mu
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6.5. Criticism from other political
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- the 2001 attacks on the United St
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Middle East, but they also appeared
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limitations on its capacities for w
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São Tomé and Principe, Ethiopia a
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emphasised the principle of non-int
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US$180 bn, compared to US$85 bn the
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underscored by increased military s
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country enjoyed, and by the apparen
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Chapter 7: The New Internationalist
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from their repeatedly-stated commit
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On this occasion the force was able
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Instead, France and the US were mor
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and groups in their efforts to prom
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to the leader of the Parliamentary
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Aristide’s birthday, our people w
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7.4. Brazil’s strategy on Haiti:
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taken by two branches of the armed
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esolutions). 664 A primary example
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However, Haiti was not merely a hum
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to share its experiences of securin
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giving near-automatic assent to the
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• Universalism, and• Internatio
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A prominent official discourse on t
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so this was an issue area that was
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Part III: Thematic Discussion and C
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Chapter 8: Neoclassical Realism, In
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policymaking elites of these states
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commitments have a substantial impa
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The resulting statement that the fi
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In South Africa, the intervening va
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liberation movement, has assumed mo
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South Africa expanded its engagemen
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more pragmatic, without losing sigh
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at the unit-level, where the state
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falls short of capturing the full g
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a political or material nature, in
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It is also plausible to expect that
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national capabilities and therewith
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300
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Appendix 1: Brazilian Presidents si
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1910: Formation of the Union of Sou
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2004: ANC wins landslide election v
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1960: Jânio Quadro is elected pres
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Renan Calheiros, speaker of the Sen
Page 312 and 313: 31 May 2004: Jean-Bertrand Aristide
Page 314 and 315: SeptemberOctoberNovemberDecemberMap
Page 316 and 317: OctoberNovemberDecember11: South Af
Page 318 and 319: JuneJuly23: South Africa participat
Page 320 and 321: OctoberNovemberreadiness for South
Page 322 and 323: FebruaryMarchSouth Africa establish
Page 324 and 325: June 2006, legislative andmunicipal
Page 326 and 327: FebruaryKuwaiti deputy premier visi
Page 328 and 329: Appendix 6: Selected Brazilian Inte
Page 330 and 331: agreement proposed by theUSA to gra
Page 332 and 333: in Iran.2004JanuaryLula visits Indi
Page 334 and 335: Brazil is successful in its cottond
Page 336 and 337: Brazil opens Consulates-General in
Page 338 and 339: and MINUSTAH authorities.OctoberNov
Page 340 and 341: Maythe installation ofEMPBRAPA’s
Page 342 and 343: Honduras and Nicaragua withthe Inte
Page 344 and 345: NovemberLula requests Minister Amor
Page 346 and 347: AprilMayJuneJulyand the Palestinian
Page 348 and 349: REFERENCESList of InterviewsBrazilL
Page 350 and 351: ______, Sally Morphet and Marco Ant
Page 352 and 353: ______. 2004. “Aristide arrives i
Page 354 and 355: ______, Jacqueline Anne. 2003. “C
Page 356 and 357: Connors, Michael E. Connors. 2005.
Page 358 and 359: contributors). 1986. How Foreign Po
Page 360 and 361: Glenn, John. 2009. “Realism versu
Page 364 and 365: Jönsson, Christer. 2002. “Chapte
Page 366 and 367: Lipton, Merle. 2009. “Understandi
Page 368 and 369: ______. 2004. “State of the Natio
Page 370 and 371: International Studies Convention, L
Page 372 and 373: Pfister, Roger. 2003. “Gateway to
Page 374 and 375: Samuels, David. 2004. “From Socia
Page 376 and 377: ______. 2003. “Culture(s) of the
Page 378 and 379: UOL Notícias. 2009. “Celso Amori
Page 380: World Bank. 2009. Gross Domestic Pr
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