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Glenn, John. 2009. “Realism versus Strategic Culture: Competition andCollaboration?”, in International Studies Review, Vol. 11, pp523-551.Global Security. No date. “Chapter III: Peace Enforcement”, GlobalSecurity.org.Accessed online at:http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/call/call_93-8_chap3.htmon 6 September, 2011.Goldmann, Kjell. 1994. The logic of internationalism: coercion and accommodation.Routledge: London.Gorjão, Paulo. 2002. “Regime Change and Foreign Policy: Portugal, Indonesia, andthe Self-determination of East Timor”, in Democratization, Vol.9, No.4, Winter 2002,pp142-158.Graham, Matthew. 2011. “Coming in from the cold: The Transitional ExecutiveCouncil and South Africa’s reintegration into the international community”, inCommonwealth and Comparative Politics, Vol. 49, No.3, July 2011, 359-378.Graieb, Carlos. 2002. “Vai ser preciso segurar”, in Veja on-line, Edição 1774, 23October, 2002. Accessed online at: http://veja.abril.com.br/231002/p_038.html on5 October, 2010.Gratius, Susanne. 2007. “Brazil in the Americas: A Regional Peace Broker?”,FRIDE Working Paper 35, April 2007: 1.Gumede, William M. 2007. Thabo Mbeki and the Battle for the Soul of the ANC. ZebraPress: Cape Town.______. 2008. “Chapter 2: Modernising the African National Congress: The legacyof President Thabo Mbeki”, in State of the Nation 2008. HSRC Press: Durban, pp35-57.Hafezi, Parisa. 2010. “Turkey, Brazil seal deal on Iran nuclear fuel swap”, Reuters. 16May, 2010. Accessed online at: http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/05/16/usiran-nuclear-deal-idUSTRE64F29P20100516on 6 September 2011.Hagan, Joe. 1993. Political Opposition and Foreign Policy in Comparative Perspective. LynneRienner Publishers: Boulder & London.______. 1995. “Chapter 8: Domestic Political Explanations in the Analysis ofForeign Policy”, in Neack, Laura, Jeanne A.K. Hey, and Patrick J. Haney (eds.),Foreign Policy Analysis: Continuity and Change in its Second Generation, Prentice-Hall, Inc.:Englewood-Cliffs, New Jersey.______. 2001. “Does Decision Making Matter? Systemic Assumptions vs. HistoricalReality in International Relations Theory”, in International Studies Review, Vol. 3, No.2,pp5-46.360
Haiti Info. 2004. “DA sends letter to Asmal over SA arms to Haiti”, 5 March.Hakim, Peter. 2004. “The Reluctant Partner”, in Foreign Affairs, Vol. 83, Issue 1,pp114-123.______. 2006. “Is Washington Losing Latin America?”, in Foreign Affairs, Vol.85,No.1 (Jan-Feb, 2006), pp39-53.Halliday, Fred. 1988. “Three concepts of internationalism”, in International Affairs,Vol. 64, No. 2, pp187-198.______. 2009. “International Relations in a post-hegemonic age”, in InternationalAffairs, Vol. 85, No.1, pp37-51.Halling, Matt and Blaine Bookey. 2008. “Peacekeeping in Name Alone:Accountability for the United Nations in Haiti”, in Hastings International andComparative Law Review, Vol. 461, pp 461-486.Hamill, James and Donna Lee. 2001. “A Middle Power Paradox? South AfricanDiplomacy in the Post-apartheid Era”, in International Relations, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp33-59.______ and John Hoffman, 2009. “‘Quiet Diplomacy’ or Appeasement? SouthAfrican Policy towards Zimbabwe”, in The Round Table, Vol. 98, Issue 402, pp 373-384.Hao, Yufan (ed.). 2006. China’s Foreign Policy Making: Societal Force and ChineseAmerican Policy. Ashgate: Surrey.Harris, Richard L. 2009. “Cuban Internationalism, Che Guevara, and the Survival ofCuba’s Socialist Regime”, in Latin American Perspectives, Volume 36, No.27, pp 27-42.Hausotter, Jan Olaf. 2008. “The Uses of Peacekeeping: The United NationsStabilization Mission in Haiti”, in The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, Vol. 32, Issue 1,pp145-160.Hearn, Julie. 2000. “Aiding Democracy? Donors and civil society in South Africa”,in Third World Quarterly, Vol. 21, Issue 5, pp815-830.Henig, Ruth Beatrice. 1995. Versailles and after, 1919-1933. Routledge: Abingdon.Hermann, Charles F. 1990. “Changing Course: When Governments Choose toRedirect Foreign Policy”, in International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 34, No.1, pp3-21.Hermann, Margaret G. and Charles F. Hermann. 1989. “Who Makes Foreign PolicyDecisions and How: An Empirical Enquiry”, in International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 33,No.4, pp361-387.Hilton, Stanley. E. 1980. “Brazil and the Post-Versailles World: Elite Images andForeign Policy Strategy, 1919-1929”, in Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. 12,No.2, pp341-264: 341.361
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To my parents, Christopher and Vali
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSNothing that preced
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LIST OF SIGNIFICANT ACRONYMS AND AB
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PTRDPSACPSADCSPLMSWAPOUNCTADUNMIHUN
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Chapter 7 The New Internationalists
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Chapter 1: Introduction1.1. Context
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overwhelmingly, yet not completely,
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Hence, shifts in the international
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antipathy of the IR literature to a
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frowned upon by developed and devel
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identify cases - and these were num
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politics and political lobbying. Th
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This is followed by the presentatio
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emerging powers Brazil, Russia, Ind
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decades. More a collection of works
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exercised more frequently, where th
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The role of left-leaning political
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outcomes? Which instruments have th
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percent. 56 In South Africa, Blacks
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Brazil, because in engaging in this
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which domestic institutional arrang
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Chapter 2: Internationalism in the
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potentially providing indications o
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and most important, that these two
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According to Goldmann, internationa
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granted that states will always hav
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transformation in the anarchical in
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2.2.3 Post-Cold WarThe immediate af
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emains a rallying cry in contempora
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their stress on peaceful settlement
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epresentation; and peaceful mechani
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experienced international marginali
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colonial state. 136 The commitment
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dominant nations which may hope to
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domestic welfare arrangements and f
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foreign policy. The latter include
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adjust to shifts in their internati
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to seemingly altruistic or ‘ethic
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ethics may underpin the same foreig
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As noted by Taliaferro, however, ne
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Systemic Constraints :AnarchyRelati
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Neorealism’s emphasis on the syst
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the executive (i.e. Lead ministries
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individuals - located at the “int
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argument, and rational cost-benefit
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nature of interim or transitional g
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The neoclassical realist framework
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104
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practicable and analytically releva
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(CUT), the main trade union confede
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These incipient foreign policy prin
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each province, consisting of 10 del
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While this figure is small in globa
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mercantilist’, 238 or ‘revoluti
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The party’s commitment to the pro
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2. Strengthening of South-South Co-
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Some of South Africa’s accomplish
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slavery. Even Brazil’s participat
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that was seen to be experiencing a
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The Presidency makes foreign policy
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and socialisation practices, as wel
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members were negotiated. 296 Recent
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President Lula’s second and last
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4.2.3. International OutlookBrazil
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linguistic distinction from its Spa
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welfare measures. The party’s rel
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142
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missions and disaster relief. Yet,
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international orientation. Most of
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electoral system. The following sec
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identity changed as the challenges
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to the United States, with the atte
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eforms undertaken in the mid-1980s.
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ecognised as the ‘sole legitimate
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whole world. ANC solidarity was not
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1994, 370 placing tangible limits o
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The organisation’s main shortcomi
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Much of Mandela’s tenure as Presi
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with more wealthy donors in the Glo
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complicates the task of separating
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Thabo Mbeki was frequently lampoone
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the social-democratic Reconstructio
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At the helm of DFA were two individ
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policy. One, which is less signific
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Globally, the United States and its
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South Africa under Mbeki had decide
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his support for Mugabe against the
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on Participation in International P
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(FOCAC) Conference in November. The
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Mbeki’s last full year in office,
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190
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international norms and regimes. 45
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of Brazil. In this discussion, Braz
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This period came to an end during t
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This dilemma - the choice between c
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on so-called ‘cultural diplomacy
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exchange rate movements and the cap
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and conflict resolution under the W
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Brazil’s military capabilities ar
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shifts in its approach to Brazil’
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een required of PT as a party of th
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A number of scholars are agreed tha
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leader…espousing a populist polit
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foreign policy document, it was the
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election campaign, a rarity for a f
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alumni, have been the subject of mu
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6.5. Criticism from other political
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- the 2001 attacks on the United St
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Middle East, but they also appeared
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limitations on its capacities for w
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São Tomé and Principe, Ethiopia a
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emphasised the principle of non-int
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US$180 bn, compared to US$85 bn the
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underscored by increased military s
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country enjoyed, and by the apparen
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Chapter 7: The New Internationalist
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from their repeatedly-stated commit
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On this occasion the force was able
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Instead, France and the US were mor
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and groups in their efforts to prom
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to the leader of the Parliamentary
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Aristide’s birthday, our people w
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7.4. Brazil’s strategy on Haiti:
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taken by two branches of the armed
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esolutions). 664 A primary example
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However, Haiti was not merely a hum
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to share its experiences of securin
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giving near-automatic assent to the
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• Universalism, and• Internatio
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A prominent official discourse on t
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so this was an issue area that was
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Part III: Thematic Discussion and C
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Chapter 8: Neoclassical Realism, In
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policymaking elites of these states
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commitments have a substantial impa
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The resulting statement that the fi
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In South Africa, the intervening va
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liberation movement, has assumed mo
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South Africa expanded its engagemen
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more pragmatic, without losing sigh
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at the unit-level, where the state
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falls short of capturing the full g
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a political or material nature, in
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It is also plausible to expect that
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national capabilities and therewith
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300
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Appendix 1: Brazilian Presidents si
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1910: Formation of the Union of Sou
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2004: ANC wins landslide election v
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1960: Jânio Quadro is elected pres
Page 310 and 311: Renan Calheiros, speaker of the Sen
Page 312 and 313: 31 May 2004: Jean-Bertrand Aristide
Page 314 and 315: SeptemberOctoberNovemberDecemberMap
Page 316 and 317: OctoberNovemberDecember11: South Af
Page 318 and 319: JuneJuly23: South Africa participat
Page 320 and 321: OctoberNovemberreadiness for South
Page 322 and 323: FebruaryMarchSouth Africa establish
Page 324 and 325: June 2006, legislative andmunicipal
Page 326 and 327: FebruaryKuwaiti deputy premier visi
Page 328 and 329: Appendix 6: Selected Brazilian Inte
Page 330 and 331: agreement proposed by theUSA to gra
Page 332 and 333: in Iran.2004JanuaryLula visits Indi
Page 334 and 335: Brazil is successful in its cottond
Page 336 and 337: Brazil opens Consulates-General in
Page 338 and 339: and MINUSTAH authorities.OctoberNov
Page 340 and 341: Maythe installation ofEMPBRAPA’s
Page 342 and 343: Honduras and Nicaragua withthe Inte
Page 344 and 345: NovemberLula requests Minister Amor
Page 346 and 347: AprilMayJuneJulyand the Palestinian
Page 348 and 349: REFERENCESList of InterviewsBrazilL
Page 350 and 351: ______, Sally Morphet and Marco Ant
Page 352 and 353: ______. 2004. “Aristide arrives i
Page 354 and 355: ______, Jacqueline Anne. 2003. “C
Page 356 and 357: Connors, Michael E. Connors. 2005.
Page 358 and 359: contributors). 1986. How Foreign Po
Page 362 and 363: Hirst, Monica. 2009. “South Ameri
Page 364 and 365: Jönsson, Christer. 2002. “Chapte
Page 366 and 367: Lipton, Merle. 2009. “Understandi
Page 368 and 369: ______. 2004. “State of the Natio
Page 370 and 371: International Studies Convention, L
Page 372 and 373: Pfister, Roger. 2003. “Gateway to
Page 374 and 375: Samuels, David. 2004. “From Socia
Page 376 and 377: ______. 2003. “Culture(s) of the
Page 378 and 379: UOL Notícias. 2009. “Celso Amori
Page 380: World Bank. 2009. Gross Domestic Pr
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