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Chapter 7 The New Internationalists? South Africa, 240Brazil, MINUSTAH and the exile ofJean-Bertrand AristidePart III:Thematic Discussion and ConclusionsChapter 8 Neoclassical Realism, Internationalism, and the 274New Emerging PowersAppendicesAppendix 1: List of Brazilian Presidents Since 1930 302Appendix 2: Chronology of Major South African Events 303Appendix 3: Chronology of Major Brazilian Events 307Appendix 4: Haiti Chronology of Events 311Appendix 5: Selected South African Internationalist Foreign 313Policy Actions, 1999-2008Appendix 6: Selected Brazilian Internationalist Foreign 328Policy Actions, 2003-2010References 34814
Page 2: To my parents, Christopher and Vali
Page 7 and 8: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSNothing that preced
Page 10 and 11: LIST OF SIGNIFICANT ACRONYMS AND AB
Page 12 and 13: PTRDPSACPSADCSPLMSWAPOUNCTADUNMIHUN
Page 16: Part I: Analytical Framework16
Page 19 and 20: oader strategic foreign policy appr
Page 21 and 22: This introductory chapter frames th
Page 23 and 24: Foreign policy is “a goal-oriente
Page 25 and 26: importance of this group of states,
Page 27 and 28: prime positioning as case studies o
Page 29 and 30: epresentation of a ‘turning point
Page 31 and 32: interest’, as greater numbers of
Page 33 and 34: ensure their own survival, 43 regar
Page 35 and 36: liberalism alone cannot account for
Page 37 and 38: commitment”: “in other words, t
Page 39 and 40: Intervening variable (X 1 ): The ru
Page 41 and 42: involved in policy implementation,
Page 43 and 44: whether the internationalism long-e
Page 45 and 46: Brazil (upper middle income)South A
Page 47 and 48: The findings of this research will
Page 49: expansive, activist foreign policy
Page 52 and 53: India, China and South Africa. Thei
Page 54 and 55: The chapter proceeds with a general
Page 56 and 57: ‘Internationalism’ has thus bee
Page 58 and 59: INTERNATIONALISM AS A PERSPECTIVE O
Page 60 and 61: 2.2.1 Early conceptions2.2 A Period
Page 62 and 63: internationalist considerations tha
Page 64 and 65:
perceived as a gradual dilution of
Page 66 and 67:
from the world of the imperial powe
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The concepts of ‘neutrality’,
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An ability to take a certain distan
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the face of anarchy in the internat
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goal for Palestinians, for example.
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ights, democracy, and free markets
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Chapter 3: The State, International
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constraints and national interests.
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underlines a party’s dominance, s
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power of great powers, such as the
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ealists theorise a state that is mo
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In neoclassical realism the system
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intermediate states. Regionalism an
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Classical realists argued for an ap
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facilitating ‘alternative’ dipl
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analysis of the foreign policy form
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Hypothesis 2: The lesser the instit
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legalistic approaches to internatio
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conduct of intermediate states. In
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Chapter 4: State Structure, Governi
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PT of Brazil, respectively, exert i
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Indeed, on the subject of Zimbabwe,
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entailed the restructuring of certa
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establishment of diplomatic mission
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Western-oriented) views of internat
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‘coherence’. 243 DFA’s instit
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this chapter) sought to streamline
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institutional power of ‘the darke
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eaching expectations of what PT was
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esolution of disputes, and solidari
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• Prevalence of human rights• S
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negotiations, for example. 287 This
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consultative councils, as well as t
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4.2.2. What is good for the party i
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Interestingly, one proposal placed
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It may be the case that it is preci
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For Brazil, meanwhile, while PT’s
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Part II: Case Studies: South Africa
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Chapter 5: Rhetoric and Restraint:
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played in this foreign policy postu
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foreign policy. At the same time, t
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global terms, it is not a major pla
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(449 A of 1950) on the illegality o
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with successful industrialisation t
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perspectives on international relat
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SA government representatives in So
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National levelAt the national level
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commerce and trade, but the ulterio
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Hopes were pinned on more than Mand
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‘new’ South Africa would be a d
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Mbeki. In a condition of flux, with
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engaging in ‘megaphone’ diploma
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and indeed, ‘anti-imperialism’
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overwhelming majority of South Afri
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(d) And other associated costs rela
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trade union federation, in an embar
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“elaborate and put in place the t
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initiated a proposal to make Nation
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South Africa’s major foreign poli
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COSATU’s disapproval of free trad
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ights situation in these countries.
Page 189 and 190:
The ascent to power of the African
Page 191 and 192:
Chapter 6: Rising without sabre-rat
Page 193 and 194:
integration’ 459 of the state in
Page 195 and 196:
Brazil’s foreign policy history i
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nations. 467 What emerges from an e
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support for the military coup. 475
Page 201 and 202:
‘progressive’ politics internat
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multilateral trade liberalisation o
Page 205 and 206:
Brazil under Cardoso thus required
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converge in policy were substantial
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community continually questioned th
Page 211 and 212:
internacional do PT), published by
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developed countries would continue
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6.4. Influence as a function of ins
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Foro de São Paulo’s establishmen
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spite of his resignation, Dirceu re
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d. The Party in CongressWhile PT wa
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selective approach to the principle
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traditional foreign policy outlook:
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Institutionally, PT’s hand was we
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trading partner in the region, Arge
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under international law, 587 and in
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Lula was inaugurated for his second
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Brazil’s vision of its military
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personal popularity was consistentl
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239
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along with forms of external interv
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Elections were held in 1990, usheri
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In less than a month, soon after th
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Weber and others argued that the
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Mbeki’s own interpretation of the
Page 251 and 252:
transparency of the actions taken a
Page 253 and 254:
his enemies in Haiti as potentially
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lying within the country, “becaus
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set by the international community.
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Brazil’s leadership of MINUSTAH i
Page 261 and 262:
position itself as a regional power
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For reasons of principle, I conside
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entrenchment of democracy in Haiti,
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the mid-1970s onward, with the assu
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after the end of the Cold War. Whil
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in the engagement, and the congress
Page 273 and 274:
273
Page 275 and 276:
Communists” for all of the moveme
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• The nature of internationalism
Page 279 and 280:
The thesis has made a contribution
Page 281 and 282:
Overall, with reference to both cas
Page 283 and 284:
of South Africa’s foreign policy,
Page 285 and 286:
legislature, nor from the parliamen
Page 287 and 288:
initially slow economic growth; an
Page 289 and 290:
Brazil has projected itself more, b
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important, and enduring patterns”
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- arms purchase of 1999 appeared to
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foreign policy, should not be allow
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Guimarães is Brazil’s General Re
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suggestive of implications for the
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APPENDICES301
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Appendix 2: Chronology of Major Sou
Page 305 and 306:
1976: Soweto uprising1983: Formatio
Page 307 and 308:
Appendix 3 : Chronology of Major Br
Page 309 and 310:
1992: Earth Summit is held in Rio d
Page 311 and 312:
Appendix 4: Haiti Chronology of Eve
Page 313 and 314:
Appendix 5: Selected South African
Page 315 and 316:
the South African Parliament.Severa
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esponse to terrorist threat.Novembe
Page 319 and 320:
2004JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilSANDF
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partisanship in favour ofPresident
Page 323 and 324:
DecemberSANDF provides support toth
Page 325 and 326:
part of an offer to assistBolivians
Page 327 and 328:
Juneplace in Somerset West, SouthAf
Page 329 and 330:
AprilBrazil abstains from voting on
Page 331 and 332:
Conference. The Conferenceends in f
Page 333 and 334:
situation in Cuba in the UNHuman Ri
Page 335 and 336:
for Action Against Poverty”.Febru
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observers from the CPLP in thepresi
Page 339 and 340:
Brazilian embassies open inLomé, T
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Lula attends 30 th MERCOSURSummit i
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JulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberD
Page 345 and 346:
FebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugust
Page 347 and 348:
347
Page 349 and 350:
Accessed online at: http://www.anc.
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Anderson, Perry. 2002. “Internati
Page 353 and 354:
______ and Zoe Wilson. 2004. “Rig
Page 355 and 356:
Cason, Jeffrey W and Timothy J Powe
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at: http://www.cdpsp.mil.za/project
Page 359 and 360:
Filho, Wladimir Valler. 2007. O Bra
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Haiti Info. 2004. “DA sends lette
Page 363 and 364:
______. 2010. “Who speaks for the
Page 365 and 366:
______. 1990. “Analyzing Third-Wo
Page 367 and 368:
Marais, Hein. 2002. “The Logic of
Page 369 and 370:
Morris, Michael A. 1989. The Strait
Page 371 and 372:
Pape, Robert A. 2005. “Soft Balan
Page 373 and 374:
______. 2007. “Brazil urges Afric
Page 375 and 376:
South African Communist Party, 1981
Page 377 and 378:
The Guardian. 2002. “Brazil’s c
Page 379 and 380:
Assembly on the responsibility to p
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