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‘Internationalism’ has thus been associated both with the prospect of ethics ininternational affairs, and with the mechanisms for ameliorating the practice ofinternational affairs by power politics, for example, through greater economicinterdependence and greater reliance on international law and institutions. 81 Theseviews may be arranged on a continuum, from conservative (solidarist to pluralist)conceptions of internationalism, which emphasise security and state sovereignty;and more radical conceptions, predicated on far-reaching ideological convictions(which can also be solidarist or pluralist). The first type, solidarist-conservative, isexemplified by the solidarity of western Europe after World War II in opposingCommunism, embodied in the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), alongwith the federalist plans for the European Community. 82 Pluralist conservativeinternationalism was evident in Allied cooperation with Stalin in the drawing up ofthe plans for the post-war order, especially the constitution of the permanentmembership of the UN Security Council (UNSC). Examples of solidarist radicalinternationalism include the African group in the UN General Assembly (UNGA)during the 1970s, when similar identities converged on specific internationalinterests, such as the ending of apartheid in South Africa and the introduction offairer trading practices with the North. Pluralist radical internationalism was typifiedby NAM, which accommodated both Western-aligned and Soviet-aligned memberstates, in spite of its ‘non-aligned’ appellation. 83ConservativeSolidarist, e.g.: NATO, plans forEuropean CommunityPluralist, e.g.: Allied cooperation withStalin after WW2, UNSCRadicalSolidarist, e.g. African group in theUN General Assembly in the 1970sPluralist, e.g. NAM, with itsaccommodation of Western-alignedand Soviet-aligned statesFigure 1: Continuum of Internationalist views81 Goldmann, The Logic of internationalism.82 Carsten Holbraad, Internationalism and nationalism in European political thought(Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003): 22.83 As shown by Alden et al., through its first 25 years of existence, the NAM membershiptrod a careful path between moderation and radicalism in order to maintain their unity ofpurpose and the continued existence of the organization as an alternative to the East-West rivalry. See Alden, et al., The South in World Politics, especially Chapter 2.56