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______, Jacqueline Anne. 2003. “Chapter 11: Conclusion”, in Braveboy-Wagner,Jacqueline Anne. 2003.The Foreign Policies of the Global South: rethinking conceptualframeworks, Lynne Rienner Publishers: Boulder, Colorado, pp183-188.Brennan, Timothy. 2001. “Cosmopolitanism and Internationalism”, in New LeftReview, 7 January-February, 2001, pp75-84.Brown, Chris. 2001. “Ethics, interests and foreign policy”, in Smith, Karen E. andMargot Light. 2001. Ethics and Foreign Policy. Cambridge University Press:Cambridge.Brown, Karima. 2004. “Cosatu, ANC yet to discuss Zim row debacle”, IndependentOnline. November 1, 2004. Accessed online at:http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/cosatu-anc-yet-to-discuss-zim-row-debacle-1.225677 on 5 September, 2011.Burges, Sean. 2007. “Building a global southern coalition: the competing approachesof Brazil’s Lula and Venezuela’s Chávez”, in Third World Quarterly, Vol. 28, Issue 7,pp1343-1358.______. 2008. “Consensual Hegemony: Theorizing Brazilian Foreign Policy Afterthe Cold War”, in International Relations, Vol. 22, Issue 1, pp65-84.______. 2009. Brazilian Foreign Policy After the Cold War. University Press of Florida:Gainesville.Business Day, 22 August 2007, “Leon Pleads for SA’s Moral Compass’, accessedonline at: http://allafrica.com/stories/200708220278.html.______, 12 April, 2011. “Cosatu slams foreign policy”.Byman, Daniel and Kenneth M. Pollack. 2001. “Let Us Now Praise Great Men:Bringing the Statesman Back In”, in International Security, Vol. 25, No. 4, Spring 2001,pp.107-146.Calland, Richard. 2006. Anatomy of South Africa: Who holds the power?, Zebra Press:Cape Town.Calvert, Peter. 1988. The Foreign Policies of New States. Wheatsheaf: Brighton.Caney, Simon. 2001. “Review Article: International Distributive Justice”, in PoliticalStudies, Vol. 49, pp974 – 997.Carlsnaes, Walter. 2002. “Chapter 17: Foreign Policy”, in Handbook of InternationalRelations, Carlsnaes, W., T. Risse and B.A. Simmons (eds.), 2006. Sage Publications:London.Carr, EH. 2001 [1981]. The Twenty Years’ Crisis. With a new introduction by MichaelCox. Palgrave: Houndmills.354
Cason, Jeffrey W and Timothy J Power. 2009. “Presidentialization, Pluralization,and the Rollback of Itamaraty: Explaining Change in Brazilian Foreign PolicyMaking in the Cardoso-Lula Era”, in International Political Science Review, Vol.30, No.2,pp117-140.Castañeda, Jorge G. 2006. “Latin America’s Left Turn”, Foreign Affairs, May/June2006, pp28-43.Catholic News Service. 2005. “South African church leaders praise dismissal ofdeputy president”, June 15, 2005. Accessed online at:http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0503534.htm on 23 February2011.Caverley, Jonathan D. 2010. “Power and Democratic Weakness: Neoconservatismand Neoclassical Realism”, in Millennium, Vol.38, No.3, pp593-614.Chan, Stephen and Andrew J. Williams (eds.). 1994. Renegade States: The evolution ofrevolutionary foreign policy. Manchester University Press: Manchester.Chandler, David and Volker Heins. 2007. Rethinking Ethical Foreign Policy: Pitfalls,possibilities and paradoxes. Routledge: London.Chapnick, Adam. 2000. “The Canadian middle power myth”, in International Journal,Spring 2000, pp188-206.Chothia, Farouk and Sean Jacobs. 2002. “Remaking the Presidency: the tensionbetween co-ordination and centralization”, in Jacobs and Calland, 2002.Christian Science Monitor, 2006. “Latin America’s Two Left Feet”, November 8,2006. Accessed online at: http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/1108/p08s02-comv.html on 4 October 2010.Christopher, Warren. 1996. “The US View of South Africa”, in International Update19. Cited in Schoeman, Maxi. 2003. “South Africa as an Emerging Middle Power:1994-2003”, in State of the Nation, 2003-4, in Daniel, John, Adam Habib and RogerSouthall (eds). 2003. HSRC Press: Pietermaritzburg.CIA World Factbook. 2011. “Brazil”. Accessed online at:https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html on 16May, 2011.______. 2011. “South Africa”. Accessed online at:https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sf.html on 16May, 2011.Commission’s Report on Activities. Accessed online at:http://www2.camara.gov.br/atividade-legislativa/comissoes/comissoespermanentes/credn/documentos/relatorios-de-atividades-2/relatorio-2004/viewon 3 August, 2010.355
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To my parents, Christopher and Vali
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSNothing that preced
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LIST OF SIGNIFICANT ACRONYMS AND AB
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PTRDPSACPSADCSPLMSWAPOUNCTADUNMIHUN
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Chapter 7 The New Internationalists
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Chapter 1: Introduction1.1. Context
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overwhelmingly, yet not completely,
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Hence, shifts in the international
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antipathy of the IR literature to a
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frowned upon by developed and devel
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identify cases - and these were num
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politics and political lobbying. Th
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This is followed by the presentatio
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emerging powers Brazil, Russia, Ind
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decades. More a collection of works
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exercised more frequently, where th
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The role of left-leaning political
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outcomes? Which instruments have th
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percent. 56 In South Africa, Blacks
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Brazil, because in engaging in this
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which domestic institutional arrang
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Chapter 2: Internationalism in the
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potentially providing indications o
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and most important, that these two
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According to Goldmann, internationa
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granted that states will always hav
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transformation in the anarchical in
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2.2.3 Post-Cold WarThe immediate af
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emains a rallying cry in contempora
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their stress on peaceful settlement
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epresentation; and peaceful mechani
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experienced international marginali
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colonial state. 136 The commitment
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dominant nations which may hope to
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domestic welfare arrangements and f
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foreign policy. The latter include
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adjust to shifts in their internati
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to seemingly altruistic or ‘ethic
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ethics may underpin the same foreig
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As noted by Taliaferro, however, ne
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Systemic Constraints :AnarchyRelati
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Neorealism’s emphasis on the syst
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the executive (i.e. Lead ministries
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individuals - located at the “int
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argument, and rational cost-benefit
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nature of interim or transitional g
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The neoclassical realist framework
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104
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practicable and analytically releva
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(CUT), the main trade union confede
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These incipient foreign policy prin
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each province, consisting of 10 del
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While this figure is small in globa
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mercantilist’, 238 or ‘revoluti
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The party’s commitment to the pro
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2. Strengthening of South-South Co-
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Some of South Africa’s accomplish
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slavery. Even Brazil’s participat
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that was seen to be experiencing a
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The Presidency makes foreign policy
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and socialisation practices, as wel
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members were negotiated. 296 Recent
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President Lula’s second and last
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4.2.3. International OutlookBrazil
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linguistic distinction from its Spa
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welfare measures. The party’s rel
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142
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missions and disaster relief. Yet,
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international orientation. Most of
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electoral system. The following sec
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identity changed as the challenges
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to the United States, with the atte
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eforms undertaken in the mid-1980s.
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ecognised as the ‘sole legitimate
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whole world. ANC solidarity was not
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1994, 370 placing tangible limits o
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The organisation’s main shortcomi
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Much of Mandela’s tenure as Presi
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with more wealthy donors in the Glo
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complicates the task of separating
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Thabo Mbeki was frequently lampoone
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the social-democratic Reconstructio
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At the helm of DFA were two individ
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policy. One, which is less signific
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Globally, the United States and its
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South Africa under Mbeki had decide
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his support for Mugabe against the
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on Participation in International P
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(FOCAC) Conference in November. The
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Mbeki’s last full year in office,
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190
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international norms and regimes. 45
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of Brazil. In this discussion, Braz
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This period came to an end during t
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This dilemma - the choice between c
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on so-called ‘cultural diplomacy
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exchange rate movements and the cap
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and conflict resolution under the W
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Brazil’s military capabilities ar
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shifts in its approach to Brazil’
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een required of PT as a party of th
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A number of scholars are agreed tha
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leader…espousing a populist polit
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foreign policy document, it was the
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election campaign, a rarity for a f
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alumni, have been the subject of mu
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6.5. Criticism from other political
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- the 2001 attacks on the United St
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Middle East, but they also appeared
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limitations on its capacities for w
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São Tomé and Principe, Ethiopia a
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emphasised the principle of non-int
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US$180 bn, compared to US$85 bn the
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underscored by increased military s
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country enjoyed, and by the apparen
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Chapter 7: The New Internationalist
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from their repeatedly-stated commit
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On this occasion the force was able
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Instead, France and the US were mor
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and groups in their efforts to prom
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to the leader of the Parliamentary
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Aristide’s birthday, our people w
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7.4. Brazil’s strategy on Haiti:
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taken by two branches of the armed
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esolutions). 664 A primary example
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However, Haiti was not merely a hum
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to share its experiences of securin
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giving near-automatic assent to the
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• Universalism, and• Internatio
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A prominent official discourse on t
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so this was an issue area that was
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Part III: Thematic Discussion and C
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Chapter 8: Neoclassical Realism, In
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policymaking elites of these states
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commitments have a substantial impa
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The resulting statement that the fi
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In South Africa, the intervening va
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liberation movement, has assumed mo
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South Africa expanded its engagemen
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more pragmatic, without losing sigh
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at the unit-level, where the state
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falls short of capturing the full g
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a political or material nature, in
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It is also plausible to expect that
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national capabilities and therewith
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300
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Appendix 1: Brazilian Presidents si
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Page 306 and 307: 2004: ANC wins landslide election v
Page 308 and 309: 1960: Jânio Quadro is elected pres
Page 310 and 311: Renan Calheiros, speaker of the Sen
Page 312 and 313: 31 May 2004: Jean-Bertrand Aristide
Page 314 and 315: SeptemberOctoberNovemberDecemberMap
Page 316 and 317: OctoberNovemberDecember11: South Af
Page 318 and 319: JuneJuly23: South Africa participat
Page 320 and 321: OctoberNovemberreadiness for South
Page 322 and 323: FebruaryMarchSouth Africa establish
Page 324 and 325: June 2006, legislative andmunicipal
Page 326 and 327: FebruaryKuwaiti deputy premier visi
Page 328 and 329: Appendix 6: Selected Brazilian Inte
Page 330 and 331: agreement proposed by theUSA to gra
Page 332 and 333: in Iran.2004JanuaryLula visits Indi
Page 334 and 335: Brazil is successful in its cottond
Page 336 and 337: Brazil opens Consulates-General in
Page 338 and 339: and MINUSTAH authorities.OctoberNov
Page 340 and 341: Maythe installation ofEMPBRAPA’s
Page 342 and 343: Honduras and Nicaragua withthe Inte
Page 344 and 345: NovemberLula requests Minister Amor
Page 346 and 347: AprilMayJuneJulyand the Palestinian
Page 348 and 349: REFERENCESList of InterviewsBrazilL
Page 350 and 351: ______, Sally Morphet and Marco Ant
Page 352 and 353: ______. 2004. “Aristide arrives i
Page 356 and 357: Connors, Michael E. Connors. 2005.
Page 358 and 359: contributors). 1986. How Foreign Po
Page 360 and 361: Glenn, John. 2009. “Realism versu
Page 362 and 363: Hirst, Monica. 2009. “South Ameri
Page 364 and 365: Jönsson, Christer. 2002. “Chapte
Page 366 and 367: Lipton, Merle. 2009. “Understandi
Page 368 and 369: ______. 2004. “State of the Natio
Page 370 and 371: International Studies Convention, L
Page 372 and 373: Pfister, Roger. 2003. “Gateway to
Page 374 and 375: Samuels, David. 2004. “From Socia
Page 376 and 377: ______. 2003. “Culture(s) of the
Page 378 and 379: UOL Notícias. 2009. “Celso Amori
Page 380: World Bank. 2009. Gross Domestic Pr
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