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______. 2004. “Aristide arrives in South Africa”, 31 May, 2004. Accessed online at:http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3762591.stm on 7 September, 2011.______. 2004. “Haiti arms row rocks South Africa”, 15 March, 2004. Accessedonline at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/3513006.stm on 7 December, 2010.______. 2007. “Brazil and Venezuela link trade”, accessed online athttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7143728.stm on 1 March, 2011.Beardsworth, Richard. 2008. “Cosmopolitanism and Realism: Towards a TheoreticalConvergence?”, in Millennium, Vol.37, No.1, pp69-96.Behera, Navnita Chadha. 2007. “Re-imagining IR in India”, in International Relationsof the Asia-Pacific, Vol. 7, pp341-368.Benoit, Hector. 2006. “Morales’s nationalization in Bolivia: Who got stabbed?”, inWorld Socialist Website, 5 May 2006. Accessed online at:http://www.wsws.org/articles/2006/may2006/boli-m05.shtml on 30 September,2010.Berger, Mark T. 1994. “The end of the ‘Third World’?”, in Third World Quarterly,Vol.15, No.2, pp257-275.Bergman, Annika. 2006. “The Concept of Solidarity and Post-Cold War Nordic-Baltic Relations”, in Cooperation and Conflict, Vol. 41(1): 73-97.______. 2007. “Co-Constitution of Domestic and International WelfareObligations: The Case of Sweden’s Social Democratically InspiredInternationalism”, in Cooperation and Conflict, Vol. 42, No.1, pp73-99.Bethell, Leslie 2008. “Chapter 2: Politics in Brazil under the Liberal Republic, 1945-1964”, in Bethell, Leslie. 2008. The Cambridge History of Latin America: Volume 9, Brazilsince 1930. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.______. 2010. “Brazil and ‘Latin America’”, in Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol.42, pp 457-485.Black, David. 1992. “Australian, Canadian and Swedish Policies Toward SouthernAfrica: A comparative study of ‘Middle Power Internationalism’”. UnpublishedPhD Thesis: Dalhousie University.______. 2001. “Lever or Cover? South Africa, multilateral institutions and thepromotion of Human Rights”, in P. Nel, I.Taylor and J. van der Westhuizen (eds).South Africa’s Multilateral Diplomacy and Global Change. London: Ashgate.______. 2003. “The New South Africa confronts Abacha’s Nigeria: The politics ofhuman rights in a seminal relationship”, in Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, Vol.41, No.2, pp35-54.352
______ and Zoe Wilson. 2004. “Rights, region and identity” exploring theambiguities of South Africa’s regional human rights role”, in Politikon, Volume 31,No.1, pp27-47.Blair, T. 1999. ‘The Doctrine of the International Community’, accessed online athttp://www.number10.gov.uk/output/Page1297.asp, on 12 January 2008.Bloomberg. 2010. “Lula avoids using Brazil’s Backyard Clout to confront Chavez”,August 5, 2010. Accessed online at: http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-08-05/lula-avoids-using-brazil-s-backyard-clout-to-confront-chavez.html on 12 June,2011.______. 2010. “Lula defends Wikileaks, Offers Brazil’s “Solidarity””, 9 December,2010. Accessed online at: http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-12-09/luladefends-wikileaks-offers-brazil-s-solidarity-.htmlon 12 June, 2011.______. 2011. “South Africa Bully Phobia Yields No Stance on Ivory CoastPolitical Chaos”, 9 March, 2011. Accessed online at:http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-08/south-africa-bully-phobia-yieldsno-stance-on-ivory-coast-chaos.htmlon 14 March, 2011.Blount, Jeb. 2007. “Brazil may work with France on Nuclear Submarine (update 1)”,Bloomberg, December 21, 2007. Accessed online at:http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a4psND3CtdTg&refer=latin_america on 27 November, 2010.______ and Katia Cortes. 2006. “Brazil says Bolivia has right to seize assets”,Bloomberg, May 2, 2006. Accessed online at:http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aIzXn7baiBwQ&refer=latin_america, on 30 September, 2010.Bobiash, Donald. 1992. South-South Aid: How developing countries help each other. St.Martin’s Press: New York.Bond, Patrick, 2006. Talk left, walk right: South Africa’s frustrated global reforms.University of Kwa-Zulu Natal Press: Scottsville.Bourne, Richard. 2008. Lula of Brazil: The Story So Far. University of California Press:Berkeley and Los Angeles.Boyd-Judson, Lyn. 2005. “Strategic Moral Diplomacy: Mandela, Qaddafi, and theLockerbie Negotiations”, in Foreign Policy Analysis. Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp73-97.Bratton, Michael and Chris Landsberg. 1999. From promise to delivery: Officialdevelopment assistance to South Africa, 1994-8. Centre for Policy Studies: Johannesburg.Braveboy-Wagner, Jacqueline Anne (ed.). 2003. The foreign policies of the Global South:rethinking conceptual frameworks. Lynne Rienner Publishers: Boulder, Colorado.353
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To my parents, Christopher and Vali
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSNothing that preced
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LIST OF SIGNIFICANT ACRONYMS AND AB
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PTRDPSACPSADCSPLMSWAPOUNCTADUNMIHUN
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Chapter 7 The New Internationalists
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Chapter 1: Introduction1.1. Context
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overwhelmingly, yet not completely,
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Hence, shifts in the international
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antipathy of the IR literature to a
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frowned upon by developed and devel
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identify cases - and these were num
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politics and political lobbying. Th
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This is followed by the presentatio
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emerging powers Brazil, Russia, Ind
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decades. More a collection of works
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exercised more frequently, where th
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The role of left-leaning political
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outcomes? Which instruments have th
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percent. 56 In South Africa, Blacks
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Brazil, because in engaging in this
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which domestic institutional arrang
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Chapter 2: Internationalism in the
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potentially providing indications o
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and most important, that these two
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According to Goldmann, internationa
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granted that states will always hav
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transformation in the anarchical in
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2.2.3 Post-Cold WarThe immediate af
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emains a rallying cry in contempora
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their stress on peaceful settlement
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epresentation; and peaceful mechani
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experienced international marginali
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colonial state. 136 The commitment
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dominant nations which may hope to
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domestic welfare arrangements and f
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foreign policy. The latter include
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adjust to shifts in their internati
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to seemingly altruistic or ‘ethic
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ethics may underpin the same foreig
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As noted by Taliaferro, however, ne
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Systemic Constraints :AnarchyRelati
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Neorealism’s emphasis on the syst
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the executive (i.e. Lead ministries
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individuals - located at the “int
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argument, and rational cost-benefit
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nature of interim or transitional g
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The neoclassical realist framework
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104
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practicable and analytically releva
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(CUT), the main trade union confede
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These incipient foreign policy prin
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each province, consisting of 10 del
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While this figure is small in globa
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mercantilist’, 238 or ‘revoluti
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The party’s commitment to the pro
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2. Strengthening of South-South Co-
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Some of South Africa’s accomplish
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slavery. Even Brazil’s participat
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that was seen to be experiencing a
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The Presidency makes foreign policy
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and socialisation practices, as wel
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members were negotiated. 296 Recent
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President Lula’s second and last
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4.2.3. International OutlookBrazil
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linguistic distinction from its Spa
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welfare measures. The party’s rel
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142
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missions and disaster relief. Yet,
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international orientation. Most of
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electoral system. The following sec
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identity changed as the challenges
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to the United States, with the atte
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eforms undertaken in the mid-1980s.
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ecognised as the ‘sole legitimate
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whole world. ANC solidarity was not
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1994, 370 placing tangible limits o
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The organisation’s main shortcomi
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Much of Mandela’s tenure as Presi
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with more wealthy donors in the Glo
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complicates the task of separating
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Thabo Mbeki was frequently lampoone
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the social-democratic Reconstructio
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At the helm of DFA were two individ
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policy. One, which is less signific
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Globally, the United States and its
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South Africa under Mbeki had decide
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his support for Mugabe against the
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on Participation in International P
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(FOCAC) Conference in November. The
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Mbeki’s last full year in office,
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190
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international norms and regimes. 45
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of Brazil. In this discussion, Braz
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This period came to an end during t
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This dilemma - the choice between c
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on so-called ‘cultural diplomacy
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exchange rate movements and the cap
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and conflict resolution under the W
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Brazil’s military capabilities ar
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shifts in its approach to Brazil’
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een required of PT as a party of th
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A number of scholars are agreed tha
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leader…espousing a populist polit
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foreign policy document, it was the
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election campaign, a rarity for a f
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alumni, have been the subject of mu
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6.5. Criticism from other political
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- the 2001 attacks on the United St
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Middle East, but they also appeared
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limitations on its capacities for w
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São Tomé and Principe, Ethiopia a
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emphasised the principle of non-int
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US$180 bn, compared to US$85 bn the
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underscored by increased military s
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country enjoyed, and by the apparen
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Chapter 7: The New Internationalist
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from their repeatedly-stated commit
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On this occasion the force was able
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Instead, France and the US were mor
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and groups in their efforts to prom
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to the leader of the Parliamentary
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Aristide’s birthday, our people w
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7.4. Brazil’s strategy on Haiti:
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taken by two branches of the armed
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esolutions). 664 A primary example
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However, Haiti was not merely a hum
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to share its experiences of securin
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giving near-automatic assent to the
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• Universalism, and• Internatio
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A prominent official discourse on t
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so this was an issue area that was
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Part III: Thematic Discussion and C
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Chapter 8: Neoclassical Realism, In
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policymaking elites of these states
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commitments have a substantial impa
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The resulting statement that the fi
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In South Africa, the intervening va
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liberation movement, has assumed mo
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South Africa expanded its engagemen
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more pragmatic, without losing sigh
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at the unit-level, where the state
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falls short of capturing the full g
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a political or material nature, in
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It is also plausible to expect that
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national capabilities and therewith
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300
Page 302 and 303: Appendix 1: Brazilian Presidents si
Page 304 and 305: 1910: Formation of the Union of Sou
Page 306 and 307: 2004: ANC wins landslide election v
Page 308 and 309: 1960: Jânio Quadro is elected pres
Page 310 and 311: Renan Calheiros, speaker of the Sen
Page 312 and 313: 31 May 2004: Jean-Bertrand Aristide
Page 314 and 315: SeptemberOctoberNovemberDecemberMap
Page 316 and 317: OctoberNovemberDecember11: South Af
Page 318 and 319: JuneJuly23: South Africa participat
Page 320 and 321: OctoberNovemberreadiness for South
Page 322 and 323: FebruaryMarchSouth Africa establish
Page 324 and 325: June 2006, legislative andmunicipal
Page 326 and 327: FebruaryKuwaiti deputy premier visi
Page 328 and 329: Appendix 6: Selected Brazilian Inte
Page 330 and 331: agreement proposed by theUSA to gra
Page 332 and 333: in Iran.2004JanuaryLula visits Indi
Page 334 and 335: Brazil is successful in its cottond
Page 336 and 337: Brazil opens Consulates-General in
Page 338 and 339: and MINUSTAH authorities.OctoberNov
Page 340 and 341: Maythe installation ofEMPBRAPA’s
Page 342 and 343: Honduras and Nicaragua withthe Inte
Page 344 and 345: NovemberLula requests Minister Amor
Page 346 and 347: AprilMayJuneJulyand the Palestinian
Page 348 and 349: REFERENCESList of InterviewsBrazilL
Page 350 and 351: ______, Sally Morphet and Marco Ant
Page 354 and 355: ______, Jacqueline Anne. 2003. “C
Page 356 and 357: Connors, Michael E. Connors. 2005.
Page 358 and 359: contributors). 1986. How Foreign Po
Page 360 and 361: Glenn, John. 2009. “Realism versu
Page 362 and 363: Hirst, Monica. 2009. “South Ameri
Page 364 and 365: Jönsson, Christer. 2002. “Chapte
Page 366 and 367: Lipton, Merle. 2009. “Understandi
Page 368 and 369: ______. 2004. “State of the Natio
Page 370 and 371: International Studies Convention, L
Page 372 and 373: Pfister, Roger. 2003. “Gateway to
Page 374 and 375: Samuels, David. 2004. “From Socia
Page 376 and 377: ______. 2003. “Culture(s) of the
Page 378 and 379: UOL Notícias. 2009. “Celso Amori
Page 380: World Bank. 2009. Gross Domestic Pr
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