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The chapter proceeds with a general examination of the concept of‘internationalism’ in international thought. A periodised history of internationalismfrom just before World War I to the post-Cold War period is provided. This isfollowed by an interrogation of the question of what ‘internationalism’ may meanwhen in it is not employed in the service of ‘Western’ values and goals – given thatthe term has come to be synonymous with quintessentially ‘Western’ foreignpolicies. Doubt over precisely this question has led some to question which side‘emerging powers’ are on in the international normative landscape. However, it hasalso opened the way for a ‘new’ internationalism as embraced by large developingcountries. Owing to the prominence of the state in developing country foreignpolicy discourses, the role of the state in the internationalism of the South will beanalysed. The discussion of the state ties this foreign policy trend to domesticdevelopments within developing countries and highlights the utility ofinternationalism as a foreign policy tool for emerging states. Just before concluding,some critiques of Southern internationalism are discussed.2.1 Which internationalism?The key dividing line in scholarly and political conceptions of internationalism isthat between its substantive and procedural aspects. There are additional concernsstemming from an internationalist commitment in international politics, such as therate and type of change envisaged for the international system, and the tensionbetween maintaining the peace and defending the law. A discussion of thesequestions forms the focus of this section.‘Internationalism’ has been described as applicable to “any outlook, or practice, thattends to transcend the nation towards a wider community, of which nationscontinue to form the principal units” 74 . For Fred Halliday, it isa set of ideas founded on a belief that the world is becoming more and moreintegrated and united, a belief that this objective process is accompanied by agrowing sense of international belonging, identity, responsibility, even citizenship –74 Perry Anderson, “Internationalism: A Breviary”, New Left Review, Issue 14 (Mar/Apr2002): 6.54