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India, China and South Africa. Their approaches to issues as diverse as climatechange, humanitarian intervention and technology transfer, have been tinged byhistorical ‘anti-imperialism’, acting in tandem with expanded global economic reachand reliance on multilateral institutions to broaden their diplomatic scope. At thesame time, the internationalism of the Western democracies has come underincreasing pressure in recent years, employed as it has been, in the service of militaryinterventions in among others, Kosovo, and recently, Libya.Clarifying the concept of internationalism in foreign policy has importantimplications for a number of areas: theoretically, there is no in-depth exploration ofinternationalism in the foreign policies of developing countries, with most of theresearch having been conducted on the internationalist foreign policies of the‘classical’ like-minded middle power states, namely, the Nordic countries, along withCanada and Holland. 70 While the link between domestic social-democracy andinternationalism has been more or less firmly established in these cases 71 , thesestudies do not shed light on the motivations of less wealthy polities forinternationalist foreign policies. In addition, there is little research being conductedon the intellectual influences on, and contributions made by, foreign policymakingin the developing world. Foreign policymaking in the former third world is largelyseen either as a knee-jerk reaction to the environment occupied by the state inquestion, or as a concession to ideology. That is to say, it is brushed aside either asthe performance of survival and realpolitik, or as empty ideology. For policypurposes, studying the foreign policies of these countries – now referred to as‘emerging powers’ - provides a better understanding of their motivations, as well as70 Cranford Pratt, ed., Middle Power Internationalism: The North-South Dimension(Quebec: McGill-Queens University Press, 1990); Cranford Pratt, ed., InternationalismUnder Strain: The North-South policies of Canada, the Netherlands, Norway, andSweden (Toronto: University of Toronto, 1989); Olav Stokke, ed., Western MiddlePowers and Global Poverty: The determinants of the aid policies of Canada, Denmark,the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden (Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of AfricanStudies, 1989). These volumes were all outcomes of the same research project, TheWestern Middle Powers and the Global Poverty Project, established in the early 1980s.71 See David Black, 1992. “Australian, Canadian and Swedish Policies Toward SouthernAfrica: A comparative study of ‘Middle Power Internationalism’”. Unpublished PhDThesis: Dalhousie University; Mikko Kuisma, “Social Democratic Internationalism andthe Welfare State After the “Golden Age””, Cooperation and Conflict, 42, No.1 (2007);Annika Bergman, “Co-Constitution of Domestic and International Welfare Obligations:The Case of Sweden’s Social Democratically Inspired Internationalism”, Cooperationand Conflict, 42, No.1 (2007).52