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Communists” for all of the movement’s history”. 698 These categories have beenblurred as the internationalism of new leaders in the developing world proved itselfto be noticeably in favour of globalisation and capitalism. Domestic debates weremirrored in concerns that surfaced in foreign policy. These included whethersupporters of neo-liberal economic models would prove victorious over those whofavoured socialist mechanisms of ownership of the means of production andredistribution. This was reflected in the debates over relations with ‘established’trading partners should be pursued at the expense of the cultivation of new relationsin uncharted territory, such as China, Africa and the Middle East: forging a ‘newgeography’ 699 of world trade, largely centring upon the ‘Global South’.Another important tension lies in the area of human rights vs. state sovereignty. Thedeveloping world as a whole has been markedly slower in accepting emergingderogations from the non-intervention norm, such as the ‘humanitarianintervention’ or ‘responsibility to protect’ argument, for example. While at theregional level, strides have been made in Africa (AU Constitutive Act) and in SouthAmerica (Charter of OAS), at the state level, especially on the part of large andinfluential states, there is still great reticence to take bold measures on interventions,unless they are sanctioned by the United Nations, and with clear guidelines forengagement.The foreign policies of two emerging powers under the leadership of influentialleftist movements provide pause for consideration in the current internationalorder. Many have looked to South Africa and Brazil for a hint of a ‘new’ way ofconducting foreign affairs, largely spurred on by their own pronouncements andhistory. The search for international justice has tended to begin with the emergingpowers of the global South, aware as they are of the hardships caused by povertyand marginalisation owing to their own national experiences.Much of the scholarly discussion of the foreign policies of these emerging powershas suffered the same fate, dependent upon the foreign policy declarations of the698 South African Communist Party, South African Communists Speak: Documents fromthe History of the South African Communist Party 1915-1980 (London: InkululekoPublications, 1981).699 Phrase attributed to President Lula da Silva at the opening of UNCTAD XI, 14 June,2004.275