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Brazil’s foreign policy history into the first decade of the 21 st century could usefullybe divided into 6 significant phases 463 , some overlapping (see Figure 4). The firstphase, initiated by the birth of the republic in 1889 and terminated by the outbreakof World War I in 1914, represented a period of unquestioned proximity to theUnited States, under the tutelage of the Baron do Rio Branco. As Rio Branco,Brazil’s first Minister of Foreign Affairs, sought to wean Brazil from dependence onthe United Kingdom, he forged closer relations for Brazil with the United States.Phase 1: Territorial Diplomacy(1889-1917)Phase 2: Limited OutwardProjection (1917-1945)Phase 3: Active OutwardProjection (1960-1963)Phase 4: Withdrawal andConservatism (1964-1966)Phase 5: Commercial expansionand pragmatism (1966-2002)Phase 6: Active outwardengagement (2003-present)Figure 4: Phases of Brazilian Foreign Policy, 1889-present 464463 Greater detail has been entertained in discussing the history of Brazilian foreignpolicy, than has been on South African foreign policy, in the belief that there exists astronger – though still contested - ideational continuity in Brazilian foreign policy from thedays of Rio Branco to the present, than existed in South African foreign policy over thecourse of the twentieth century, owing to minority rule.464 Periodisation derived from Wayne Selcher, The Afro-Asian Dimension of BrazilianForeign Policy 1956-1972 (Gainesville: The University Presses of Florida, 1974): 9-19.195