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Appendix 1: Brazilian Presidents since 1930 !October 1930 – November 1930:Augusto Fragoso, Isaías de Noronha,and Mena Barreto3 November 1930 – 29 October 1945: Getúlio Vargas (dictatorship)29 October 1945 – 31 January 1936: José Linhares31 January 1946 – 31 January 1951: Gaspar Dutra31 January 1951 – 24 August 1954: Getúlio Vargas (civilian government)24 August 1954 – 9 November 1955: Café Filho9 November 1955 – 11 November 1955: Carlos Luz11 November 1955 – 31 January 1956: Nereu Ramos31 January 1956 – 31 January 1961: Juscelino Kubitschek31 January 1961 – 25 August 1961: Jânio Quadros25 August 1961 -7 September 1961: Ranieri Mazzilli7 September 1961 – 1 April 1964: João Goulart2 April 1964 -5 April 1964: Ranieri Mazzilli15 April 1964 – 15 March 1967: Castelo Branco15 March 1967 – 31 August 1969: Costa e Silva31 August 1969 – 30 October 1969: Augusto Rademaker, Aurélio deLira and Márcio Melo30 October 1969 – 15 March 1974: Emilio Medici15 March 1974 – 15 March 1979: Ernesto Geisel15 March 1979 – 15 March 1985: João Figueiredo15 March 1985 – 15 March 1990: José Sarney15 March 1990 – 29 December 1992: Fernando Collor de Mello29 December 1992 – 1 January 1995: Itamar Franco1 January 1995 – 1 January 2003: Fernando Henrique Cardoso1 January 2003 – 1 January 2011: Luíz Inácio Lula da Silva1 January 2011 – Present: Dilma Rousseff!Periods denoted in bold print indicate the years of the military dictatorship.302
Appendix 2: Chronology of Major South African Politicaland Economic Events 7251480s: Bartholomew Dias becomes the first European navigator to travel aroundthe tip of South Africa1497: Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama lands on the coast of Natal, to the eastof the country1652: Jan van Riebeeck of the Dutch East India Company founds the Cape Colonyat Table Bay1816-1826: Shaka Zulu founds the Zulu empire1835-1840: Boers leave the Cape Colony in the ‘Great Trek’ and found the OrangeFree State and the Transvaal in the interior1867: Diamonds discovered at Kimberley1877: Britain annexes the Transvaal1879: British defeat the Zulus in Natal1880-1881: The First Anglo-Boer War1886: Discovery of gold in the Transvaal, triggering a gold rush1889-1902: The Second Anglo-Boer War1902: Treaty of Vereeniging ends the Second Anglo-Boer War. Transvaal andOrange Free State become self-governing colonies of the British Empire725 Author’s own compilation, based on various sources, including: BBC News, accessedonline at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1069402.stm on 13 August, 2010.303
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To my parents, Christopher and Vali
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSNothing that preced
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LIST OF SIGNIFICANT ACRONYMS AND AB
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PTRDPSACPSADCSPLMSWAPOUNCTADUNMIHUN
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Chapter 7 The New Internationalists
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Chapter 1: Introduction1.1. Context
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overwhelmingly, yet not completely,
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Hence, shifts in the international
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antipathy of the IR literature to a
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frowned upon by developed and devel
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identify cases - and these were num
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politics and political lobbying. Th
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This is followed by the presentatio
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emerging powers Brazil, Russia, Ind
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decades. More a collection of works
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exercised more frequently, where th
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The role of left-leaning political
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outcomes? Which instruments have th
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percent. 56 In South Africa, Blacks
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Brazil, because in engaging in this
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which domestic institutional arrang
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Chapter 2: Internationalism in the
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potentially providing indications o
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and most important, that these two
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According to Goldmann, internationa
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granted that states will always hav
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transformation in the anarchical in
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2.2.3 Post-Cold WarThe immediate af
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emains a rallying cry in contempora
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their stress on peaceful settlement
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epresentation; and peaceful mechani
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experienced international marginali
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colonial state. 136 The commitment
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dominant nations which may hope to
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domestic welfare arrangements and f
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foreign policy. The latter include
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adjust to shifts in their internati
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to seemingly altruistic or ‘ethic
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ethics may underpin the same foreig
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As noted by Taliaferro, however, ne
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Systemic Constraints :AnarchyRelati
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Neorealism’s emphasis on the syst
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the executive (i.e. Lead ministries
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individuals - located at the “int
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argument, and rational cost-benefit
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nature of interim or transitional g
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The neoclassical realist framework
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104
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practicable and analytically releva
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(CUT), the main trade union confede
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These incipient foreign policy prin
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each province, consisting of 10 del
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While this figure is small in globa
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mercantilist’, 238 or ‘revoluti
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The party’s commitment to the pro
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2. Strengthening of South-South Co-
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Some of South Africa’s accomplish
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slavery. Even Brazil’s participat
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that was seen to be experiencing a
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The Presidency makes foreign policy
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and socialisation practices, as wel
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members were negotiated. 296 Recent
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President Lula’s second and last
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4.2.3. International OutlookBrazil
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linguistic distinction from its Spa
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welfare measures. The party’s rel
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142
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missions and disaster relief. Yet,
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international orientation. Most of
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electoral system. The following sec
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identity changed as the challenges
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to the United States, with the atte
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eforms undertaken in the mid-1980s.
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ecognised as the ‘sole legitimate
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whole world. ANC solidarity was not
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1994, 370 placing tangible limits o
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The organisation’s main shortcomi
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Much of Mandela’s tenure as Presi
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with more wealthy donors in the Glo
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complicates the task of separating
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Thabo Mbeki was frequently lampoone
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the social-democratic Reconstructio
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At the helm of DFA were two individ
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policy. One, which is less signific
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Globally, the United States and its
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South Africa under Mbeki had decide
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his support for Mugabe against the
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on Participation in International P
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(FOCAC) Conference in November. The
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Mbeki’s last full year in office,
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190
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international norms and regimes. 45
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of Brazil. In this discussion, Braz
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This period came to an end during t
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This dilemma - the choice between c
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on so-called ‘cultural diplomacy
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exchange rate movements and the cap
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and conflict resolution under the W
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Brazil’s military capabilities ar
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shifts in its approach to Brazil’
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een required of PT as a party of th
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A number of scholars are agreed tha
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leader…espousing a populist polit
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foreign policy document, it was the
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election campaign, a rarity for a f
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alumni, have been the subject of mu
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6.5. Criticism from other political
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- the 2001 attacks on the United St
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Middle East, but they also appeared
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limitations on its capacities for w
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São Tomé and Principe, Ethiopia a
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emphasised the principle of non-int
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US$180 bn, compared to US$85 bn the
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underscored by increased military s
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country enjoyed, and by the apparen
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Chapter 7: The New Internationalist
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from their repeatedly-stated commit
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On this occasion the force was able
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Instead, France and the US were mor
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and groups in their efforts to prom
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to the leader of the Parliamentary
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Page 256 and 257: taken by two branches of the armed
Page 258 and 259: esolutions). 664 A primary example
Page 260 and 261: However, Haiti was not merely a hum
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Page 266 and 267: • Universalism, and• Internatio
Page 268 and 269: A prominent official discourse on t
Page 270 and 271: so this was an issue area that was
Page 272 and 273: Part III: Thematic Discussion and C
Page 274 and 275: Chapter 8: Neoclassical Realism, In
Page 276 and 277: policymaking elites of these states
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Page 280 and 281: The resulting statement that the fi
Page 282 and 283: In South Africa, the intervening va
Page 284 and 285: liberation movement, has assumed mo
Page 286 and 287: South Africa expanded its engagemen
Page 288 and 289: more pragmatic, without losing sigh
Page 290 and 291: at the unit-level, where the state
Page 292 and 293: falls short of capturing the full g
Page 294 and 295: a political or material nature, in
Page 296 and 297: It is also plausible to expect that
Page 298 and 299: national capabilities and therewith
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Page 304 and 305: 1910: Formation of the Union of Sou
Page 306 and 307: 2004: ANC wins landslide election v
Page 308 and 309: 1960: Jânio Quadro is elected pres
Page 310 and 311: Renan Calheiros, speaker of the Sen
Page 312 and 313: 31 May 2004: Jean-Bertrand Aristide
Page 314 and 315: SeptemberOctoberNovemberDecemberMap
Page 316 and 317: OctoberNovemberDecember11: South Af
Page 318 and 319: JuneJuly23: South Africa participat
Page 320 and 321: OctoberNovemberreadiness for South
Page 322 and 323: FebruaryMarchSouth Africa establish
Page 324 and 325: June 2006, legislative andmunicipal
Page 326 and 327: FebruaryKuwaiti deputy premier visi
Page 328 and 329: Appendix 6: Selected Brazilian Inte
Page 330 and 331: agreement proposed by theUSA to gra
Page 332 and 333: in Iran.2004JanuaryLula visits Indi
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Page 336 and 337: Brazil opens Consulates-General in
Page 338 and 339: and MINUSTAH authorities.OctoberNov
Page 340 and 341: Maythe installation ofEMPBRAPA’s
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Page 344 and 345: NovemberLula requests Minister Amor
Page 346 and 347: AprilMayJuneJulyand the Palestinian
Page 348 and 349: REFERENCESList of InterviewsBrazilL
Page 350 and 351: ______, Sally Morphet and Marco Ant
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______. 2004. “Aristide arrives i
Page 354 and 355:
______, Jacqueline Anne. 2003. “C
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Connors, Michael E. Connors. 2005.
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contributors). 1986. How Foreign Po
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Glenn, John. 2009. “Realism versu
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Hirst, Monica. 2009. “South Ameri
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Jönsson, Christer. 2002. “Chapte
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Lipton, Merle. 2009. “Understandi
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______. 2004. “State of the Natio
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International Studies Convention, L
Page 372 and 373:
Pfister, Roger. 2003. “Gateway to
Page 374 and 375:
Samuels, David. 2004. “From Socia
Page 376 and 377:
______. 2003. “Culture(s) of the
Page 378 and 379:
UOL Notícias. 2009. “Celso Amori
Page 380:
World Bank. 2009. Gross Domestic Pr
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