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identity changed as the challenges increased”. 339 Ideologically, any identificationwith the developing world was not compatible with the National Party’s policies ofracial segregation at home. Nonetheless, South Africa did seek to foster relationswith certain developing countries – African countries in particular - including someof its regional neighbours such as Botswana, Lesotho and Malawi, in order to shoreup its diplomatic support in the UN, and on the continent. Some countries thatmaintained relations with South Africa included Ivory Coast and Israel. SouthAfrica was regarded as a ‘pariah’ state in the developing world, however, and so wasnot in the position to claim any solidarity with it. Besides, under the National Partygovernment, the Party identified with the West and saw itself as the ‘last bastion ofWestern civilisation’ in Africa. The various National Party governments did perceivea unified fate with Africa, however. This was entwined, at times, with the future ofthe Portuguese colonies to the east (Mozambique) and west (Angola); and, in abroader and more pertinent sense, in the economic prospects represented by Africaas a market for South African commerce. This position had been formalised byPrime Minister BJ Vorster’s ‘outward movement’ pro-Africa foreign policy,launched in 1966. 340 Indeed, as noted by Vale and Maseko, underlining the argumentadvanced here,“The notion that their presence should feature in African affairs seems to…havebeen a constant thread in the rhetoric of successive South African leaders, irrespective ofcolour or ideological hue”. 341From 1980 onward the country was active in a policy of ‘destabilisation’ of itsneighbours in Southern Africa, turning increasingly to “force rather thandiplomacy” 342 to quell the threat posed by the ANC in exile. The latter was hostedby Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, among others. South Africawas also involved in military operations in Angola and South West Africa. SouthAfrica illegally retained South West Africa after World War II, despite anInternational Court of Justice advisory opinion and General Assembly resolution339 James Barber and John Barrat, South Africa’s foreign policy: The search for statusand security 1945-1988 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990): 1.340 The aims of ‘outward movement’ were to diversify diplomatic and trade links, but thiswas not limited to Africa. Africa formed the focus of the policy, however, where the goalswere to promote peace and mutual interests, while refraining from interference indomestic affairs. See Barber and Barratt, Search for Status and Security, 125.341 Peter Vale and Sipho Maseko, “South Africa and the African Renaissance”,International Affairs, 74, No. 2 (1998): 274.342 Barber and Barratt, Search for Status and Security, 11.150